@article {13329,
	title = {Mediterranean winter rainfall in phase with African monsoons during the\&nbsp;past 1.36\&nbsp;million years},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {573},
	year = {2019},
	month = {2019},
	pages = {256-260},
	abstract = {Mediterranean climates are characterized by strong seasonal contrasts between dry summers and wet winters. Changes in winter rainfall are critical for regional socioeconomic development, but are difficult to simulate accurately and reconstruct on Quaternary timescales. This is partly because regional hydroclimate records that cover multiple glacial{\textendash}interglacial cycles, with different orbital geometries, global ice volume and atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations are scarce. Moreover, the underlying mechanisms of change and their persistence remain unexplored. Here we show that, over the past 1.36\&nbsp;million years, wet winters in the northcentral Mediterranean tend to occur with high contrasts in local, seasonal insolation and a vigorous African summer monsoon. Our proxy time series from Lake Ohrid on the Balkan Peninsula, together with a 784,000-year transient climate model hindcast, suggest that increased sea surface temperatures amplify local cyclone development and refuel North Atlantic low-pressure systems that enter the Mediterranean during phases of low continental ice volume and high concentrations of atmospheric greenhouse gases. A comparison with modern reanalysis data shows that current drivers of the amount of rainfall in the Mediterranean share some similarities to those that drive the reconstructed increases in precipitation. Our data cover multiple insolation maxima and are therefore an important benchmark for testing climate model performance.},
	isbn = {1476-4687},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1529-0},
	author = {Wagner, Bernd and Vogel, Hendrik and Francke, Alexander and Friedrich, Tobias and Donders, Timme and Lacey, Jack H. and Leng, Melanie J. and Regattieri, Eleonora and Sadori, Laura and Wilke, Thomas and Zanchetta, Giovanni and Albrecht, Christian and Bertini, Adele and Combourieu-Nebout, Nathalie and Cvetkoska, Aleksandra and Giaccio, Biagio and Grazhdani, Andon and Hauffe, Torsten and Holtvoeth, Jens and Joannin, Sebastien and Jovanovska, Elena and Just, Janna and Kouli, Katerina and Kousis, Ilias and Koutsodendris, Andreas and Krastel, Sebastian and Lagos, Markus and Leicher, Niklas and Levkov, Zlatko and Lindhorst, Katja and Masi, Alessia and Melles, Martin and Mercuri, Anna M. and Nomade, Sebastien and Nowaczyk, Norbert and Panagiotopoulos, Konstantinos and Peyron, Odile and Reed, Jane M. and Sagnotti, Leonardo and Sinopoli, Gaia and Stelbrink, Bj{\"o}rn and Sulpizio, Roberto and Timmermann, Axel and Tofilovska, Slavica and Torri, Paola and Wagner-Cremer, Friederike and Wonik, Thomas and Zhang, Xiaosen}
}
