@article {39743,
	title = {<span style="color: $\#$222222; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">A Composite Tool for Forecasting El Ni{\~n}o: The Case of the 2023{\textendash}2024 Event.</span>},
	journal = {Forecasting},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2024},
	pages = {187-203.},
	abstract = {<span>Remotely sensed data play a crucial role in monitoring the El Ni{\~n}o/La Ni{\~n}a Southern Oscillation (ENSO), which is an oceanic-atmospheric phenomenon occurring quasi-periodically with several impacts worldwide, such as specific biological and global climate responses. Since 1980, Earth has witnessed three strong ENSO events (1982{\textendash}1983, 1997{\textendash}1998, 2015{\textendash}2016). In September 2022, La Ni{\~n}a entered its third year and was unlikely to continue through 2024. Instead, since 2022, forecasts have pointed to a transition from La Ni{\~n}a to a Neutral phase in the summer or late 2023. The onset of El Ni{\~n}o occurred around April 2023, and it is anticipated by sophisticated models to be a strong event through the Northern Hemisphere winter (December 2023{\textendash}February 2024). The aim of this study is to demonstrate the ability of the combination of two new methods to improve the accuracy of the above claim because El Ni{\~n}o apart from climate anomalies, significantly impacts Earth{\textquoteright}s ecosystems and human societies, regulating the spread of diseases by insects (e.g., malaria and dengue fever), and influencing nutrients, phytoplankton biomass, and primary productivity. This is done by exploring first the previous major El Ni{\~n}o events in the period January 1876{\textendash}July 2023. Our calculations show that the ongoing 2023{\textendash}2024 El Ni{\~n}o will not be the strongest.</span>},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.3390/forecast6010011},
	author = {Varotsos, C. and Sarlis, N.V. and Mazei, Y., and Saldaev, D. and Efstathiou M.}
}
