<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pavlakis, K. G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hatzidimitriou, D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Drakakis, E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Matsoukas, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fotiadi, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hatzianastassiou, N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vardavas, I.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ENSO surface longwave radiation forcing over the tropical Pacific</style></title><short-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Atmospheric Chemistry &amp; Physics</style></short-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007/04/1</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007ACP.....7.2013P</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013 - 2026</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1680-73671680-73161680-7324       Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We have studied the spatial and temporal variation of the surface longwave radiation (downwelling and net) over a 21-year period in the tropical and subtropical Pacific Ocean (40 S-40 N, 90 E-75 W). The fluxes were computed using a deterministic model for atmospheric radiation transfer, along with satellite data from the ISCCP-D2 database and reanalysis data from NCEP/NCAR (acronyms explained in main text), for the key atmospheric and surface input parameters. An excellent correlation was found between the downwelling longwave radiation (DLR) anomaly and the Ni&amp;amp;ntilde;o-3.4 index time-series, over the Ni&amp;amp;ntilde;o-3.4 region located in the central Pacific. A high anti-correlation was also found over the western Pacific (15-0 S, 105-130 E). There is convincing evidence that the time series of the mean downwelling longwave radiation anomaly in the western Pacific precedes that in the Ni&amp;amp;ntilde;o-3.4 region by 3-4 months. Thus, the downwelling longwave radiation anomaly is a complementary index to the SST anomaly for the study of ENSO events and can be used to asses whether or not El Ni&amp;amp;ntilde;o or La Ni&amp;amp;ntilde;a conditions prevail. Over the Ni&amp;amp;ntilde;o-3.4 region, the mean DLR anomaly values range from +20 Wm&lt;SUP&gt;-2&lt;/SUP&gt; during El Ni&amp;amp;ntilde;o episodes to -20 Wm&lt;SUP&gt;-2&lt;/SUP&gt; during La Ni&amp;amp;ntilde;a events, while over the western Pacific (15-0 S, 105-130 E) these values range from -15 Wm&lt;SUP&gt;-2&lt;/SUP&gt; to +10 Wm&lt;SUP&gt;-2&lt;/SUP&gt;, respectively. The long- term average (1984-2004) distribution of the net downwelling longwave radiation at the surface over the tropical and subtropical Pacific for the three month period November-December-January shows a net thermal cooling of the ocean surface. When El Ni&amp;amp;ntilde;o conditions prevail, the thermal radiative cooling in the central and south-eastern tropical Pacific becomes weaker by 10 Wm&lt;SUP&gt;-2&lt;/SUP&gt; south of the equator in the central Pacific (7-0 S, 160-120 W) for the three-month period of NDJ, because the DLR increase is larger than the increase in surface thermal emission. In contrast, the thermal radiative cooling over Indonesia is enhanced by 10 Wm&lt;SUP&gt;-2&lt;/SUP&gt; during the early (August-September-October) El Ni&amp;amp;ntilde;o phase.</style></abstract></record></records></xml>