@article {20382,
	title = {Pockets of HIV Non-infection Within Highly-Infected Risk Networks in Athens, Greece},
	journal = {Front MicrobiolFront MicrobiolFront Microbiol},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2018},
	note = {1664-302xWilliams, Leslie DKostaki, Evangelia-GeorgiaPavlitina, EiriniParaskevis, DimitriosHatzakis, AngelosSchneider, JohnSmyrnov, PavloHadjikou, AndriaNikolopoulos, Georgios KPsichogiou, MinaFriedman, Samuel RDP1 DA034989/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United StatesP30 DA011041/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United StatesJournal ArticleFront Microbiol. 2018 Aug 24;9:1825. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01825. eCollection 2018.},
	pages = {1825},
	edition = {2018/09/11},
	abstract = {As part of a network study of HIV infection among people who inject drugs (PWID) and their contacts, we discovered a connected subcomponent of 29 uninfected PWID. In the context of a just-declining large epidemic outbreak, this raised a question: What explains the existence of large pockets of uninfected people? Possible explanations include "firewall effects" (Friedman et al., 2000; Dombrowski et al., 2017) wherein the only HIV+ people that the uninfected take risks with have low viral loads; "bottleneck effects" wherein few network paths into the pocket of non-infection exist; low levels of risk behavior; and an impending outbreak. We considered each of these. Participants provided information on their enhanced sexual and injection networks and assisted us in recruiting network members. The largest connected component had 241 members. Data on risk behaviors in the last 6 months were collected at the individual level. Recent infection was determined by LAg (Sedia(TM) Biosciences Corporation), data on recent seronegative tests, and viral load. HIV RNA was quantified using Artus HI Virus-1 RG RT-PCR (Qiagen). The 29 members of the connected subcomponent of uninfected participants were connected (network distance = 1) to 17 recently-infected and 24 long-term infected participants. Fourteen (48\%) of these 29 uninfected were classified as "extremely high risk" because they self-reported syringe sharing and had at least one injection partner with viral load >100,000 copies/mL who also reported syringe sharing. Seventeen of the 29 uninfected were re-interviewed after 6 months, but none had seroconverted. These findings show the power of network research in discovering infection patterns that standard individual-level studies cannot. Theoretical development and exploratory network research studies may be needed to understand these findings and deepen our understanding of how HIV does and does not spread through communities. Finally, the methods developed here provide practical tools to study "bottleneck" and "firewall" network hypotheses in practice.},
	keywords = {bottleneck effects, firewall effects, HIV risk, HIV transmission, networks, non-infection},
	isbn = {1664-302X (Print)1664-302x},
	author = {Williams, L. D. and Kostaki, E. G. and Pavlitina, E. and Paraskevis, D and Hatzakis, A and Schneider, J. and Smyrnov, P. and Hadjikou, A. and Nikolopoulos, G K and Psichogiou, M and Friedman, S. R.}
}
