<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Protonotariou, E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Malamitsi-Puchner, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rizos, D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Papagianni, B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moira, E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sarandakou, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Botsis, D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Age-related differentiations of Th1/Th2 cytokines in newborn infants</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mediators of Inflammation</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Developmental characteristics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Interferon-γ</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Interleukin-2</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Interleukin-4</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">89 - 92</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">OBJECTIVE: To evaluate age-related differentiation of immune response in newborns by measuring serum concentrations of interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) during the perinatal period. Subjects and methods: Fifty-seven healthy term neonates, their mothers and 25 healthy adults (controls) age-matched to the mothers were included in the study. Cytokine concentrations were measured in the umbilical cord (UC), and in first-day (1N) and fifth-day (5N) neonatal samples, compared with those in maternal serum (MS) and control serum samples. Results: Serum IL-2 concentrations in the UC were markedly elevated compared with those in MS and controls (p &lt; 0.0001), decreasing significantly thereafter up to 5N (p &lt; 0,001). IL-4 serum concentrations did not differ significantly between the UC, 1N and 5N samples; they were, however, markedly elevated compared with those in MS (p &lt; 0.001, p &lt; 0.0007 and p &lt; 0.0001, respectively) and controls (p &lt; 0.05, p &lt; 0.01 and p &lt; 0.006, respectively). IFN-γ serum concentrations were significantly lower in the UC compared with those in controls (p &lt; 0.04), increasing significantly up to 5N (p &lt; 0.03). Both IFN-γ/IL-2 and IFN-γ/IL-4 ratios increased significantly in 5N, compared with those in the UC (p &lt; 0.001 and p &lt; 0.03). Conclusion: Our findings indicate a differential cytokine balance at birth with enhanced expression of IL-2 and IL-4 against IFN-γ. However, a regularization of immune response seems to proceed quickly during the early neonatal life.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue></record></records></xml>