<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ioannis Kassaras</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Danai Kazantzidou-Firtinidou</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 13.3333px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;Tectonic Hazards - Earthquakes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environmental Hazards Methodologies for Risk Assessment and Management</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2017</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">02</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://doi.org/10.2166/9781780407135</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">IWA Publishing</style></publisher><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9781780407135</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Earthquake hazards comprise any natural phenomenon associated with&lt;br&gt;earthquakes. Earthquakes are known as the shaking of the Earth’s surface,&lt;br&gt;producing significant impacts on both physical and urban environments with&lt;br&gt;severe socioeconomic aspects. Most of the earthquakes are generated at the&lt;br&gt;boundaries of the lithospheric plates, which float over the mantle’s asthenosphere, converging or diverging. Friction caused by the plates interaction builds up stresses that, when released, produce ground faulting that radiates through the lithosphere producing complex seismic waves, which, in turn, can affect the near built environment.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Although earthquakes mainly control the morphology of the Earth’s surface,&lt;br&gt;they would unlikely be considered of major significance in the absence of their&lt;br&gt;effects on the anthropogenic environment, primary and secondary. Primary&lt;br&gt;earthquake hazards at a site regard the ground shaking due to the passage of the&lt;br&gt;seismic waves (dynamic deformation) and/or the ground displacements (static&lt;br&gt;deformation) in the vicinity of the causative fault. Secondary earthquake hazards&lt;br&gt;are the after-earthquake effects caused by the primary ones and may often be&lt;br&gt;more catastrophic. Such hazards are ground failures, fire, landslides, rock and&lt;br&gt;snow avalanches, liquefaction, flooding, tsunamis and seiche that have been&lt;br&gt;frequently reported to follow the occurrence of strong earthquakes. The measure&lt;br&gt;of earthquake hazards at a site mainly depends on the size and type of the seismic rupture, its distance from the site and the geological structure between the source and the site’s surface that may impact the seismic energy.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Given that earthquake prediction is still infeasible, the major task in seismological&lt;br&gt;research is the understanding of earthquake phenomena and their consequences on&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;the natural and anthropogenic environment, with the purpose of mitigating them&lt;br&gt;by providing valid and timely information, to be used for effective earthquake&lt;br&gt;planning and decision-making processes. Primary and secondary effects are&lt;br&gt;related with vulnerability, which is defined as a set of prevailing or consequential&lt;br&gt;physical and sociopolitical conditions that affect a community’s ability to mitigate,&lt;br&gt;prepare for, or respond to an earthquake hazard (ADCP, 2003). Earthquake&lt;br&gt;hazards, structural vulnerabilities and exposed values, when combined, yield a&lt;br&gt;region’s exposure to seismic risk.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract></record></records></xml>