@article {39991,
	title = {Flare Duty Cycle of Gamma-Ray Blazars and Implications for High-energy Neutrino Emission},
	volume = {954},
	year = {2023},
	month = {2023/09/1},
	pages = {194},
	publisher = {IOP},
	abstract = {Gamma-ray flares of blazars may be accompanied by high-energy neutrinos due to interactions of high-energy cosmic rays in the jet with photons, as suggested by the detection of the high-energy neutrino IceCube-170922A during a major gamma-ray flare from blazar TXS 0506+056 at the ~3σ significance level. In this work, we present a statistical study of gamma-ray emission from blazars to constrain the contribution of gamma-ray flares to their neutrino output. We construct weekly binned light curves for 145 gamma-ray bright blazars in the Fermi Large Area Telescope Monitored Source List adding TXS 0506+056. We derive the fraction of time spent in the flaring state (flare duty cycle) and the fraction of energy released during each flare from the light curves with a Bayesian blocks algorithm. We find that blazars with lower flare duty cycles and energy fractions are more numerous among our sample. We identify a significant difference in flare duty cycles between blazar subclasses at a significance level of 5\%. Then using a general scaling relation for the neutrino and gamma-ray luminosities, ${L}_{\nu }\propto {({L}_{\gamma })}^{\gamma }$ with a weighting exponent of γ = 1.0-2.0, normalized to the quiescent gamma-ray or X-ray flux of each blazar, we evaluate the neutrino energy flux of each gamma-ray flare. The gamma-ray flare distribution indicates that blazar neutrino emission may be dominated by flares for γ ≳ 1.5. The neutrino energy fluxes for 1 week and 10 yr bins are compared with the decl.-dependent IceCube sensitivity to constrain the standard neutrino emission models for gamma-ray flares. Finally, we present the upper-limit contribution of blazar gamma-ray flares to the isotropic diffuse neutrino flux.},
	keywords = {1100, 164, 628, 739, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Blazars, Gamma-ray astronomy, High energy astrophysics, Neutrino astronomy},
	isbn = {0004-637X},
	url = {https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023ApJ...954..194Y},
	author = {Yoshida, Kenji and Petropoulou, Maria and Murase, Kohta and Oikonomou, Foteini}
}
