@article {40012,
	title = {Hadronic X-Ray Flares from Blazars},
	volume = {906},
	year = {2021},
	month = {2021/01/1},
	pages = {131},
	publisher = {IOP},
	abstract = {The detection of a high-energy neutrino from the flaring blazar TXS 0506+056 and the subsequent discovery of a neutrino excess from the same direction have strengthened the hypothesis that blazars are cosmic neutrino sources. The lack, however, of γ-ray flaring activity during the latter period challenges the standard scenario of correlated γ-ray and high-energy neutrino emission in blazars. We propose instead that TeV-PeV neutrinos are produced in coincidence with X-ray flares that are powered by proton synchrotron radiation. In this case, neutrinos are produced by photomeson interactions of protons with their own synchrotron radiation, while MeV to GeV γ-rays are the result of synchrotron-dominated electromagnetic cascades developed in the source. Using a time-dependent approach, we find that this "pure hadronic flaring" hypothesis has several interesting consequences. The X-ray flux is a good proxy for the all-flavor neutrino flux, while certain neutrino-rich X-ray flares may be dark in GeV-TeV γ-rays. Lastly, hadronic X-ray flares are accompanied by an equally bright MeV component that is detectable by proposed missions like e-ASTROGAM and AMEGO. We applied this scenario to the extreme blazar 3HSP J095507.9+355101 which has been associated with IceCube-200107A while undergoing an X-ray flare. We showed that the number of muon and anti-muon neutrinos above 100 TeV during hadronic flares can be up to \~{}3-10 times higher than the expected number in standard leptohadronic models. Still, frequent hadronic flaring activity is necessary for explaining the detected neutrino event IceCube-200107A.},
	keywords = {1100, 1119, 17, 637, Active galaxies, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Gamma-rays, Neutrino astronomy, Non-thermal radiation sources},
	isbn = {0004-637X},
	url = {https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021ApJ...906..131M},
	author = {Mastichiadis, Apostolos and Petropoulou, Maria}
}
