@article {5015,
	title = {Variability of tropical days over Greece within the second half of the twentieth century},
	journal = {Theoretical and Applied Climatology},
	volume = {93},
	year = {2008},
	note = {Cited By :22Export Date: 2 November 2015Correspondence Address: Nastos, P.T.; Laboratory of Climatology and Atmospheric Environment, Department of Geography and Climatology, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis GR, 157 84 Athens, Greece; email: nastos@geol.uoa.grReferences: Alexandersson, H., A homogeneity test applied to precipitation data (1986) J Climatol, 6, pp. 661-675. , 10.1002/joc.3370060607;Arseni-Papadimitriou, A., Maheras, P., Some statistical characteristics of air temperature variations at four Mediterranean stations (1991) Theor Appl Climatol, 43, pp. 105-112. , 10.1007/BF00867467; Balafoutis, C., Arseni-Papadimitriou, A., Analyse en composantes principales des temperatures moyennes maximales et minimales en Greece (1992) Publications De L{\textquoteright} Association De Climatologie, 5, pp. 213-219; Bartzokas, A., Metaxas, D.A., Factor analysis of some climatological elements in Athens, 1931-1992: Covariability and climatic change Theor (1995) Appl Climatol, 52, pp. 195-205. , 10.1007/BF00864043; Carapiperis, L., The distribution of the absolute extreme temperatures in Greek Peninsula (1954) Minutes of the Academy of Athens, 29, pp. 411-419; Carapiperis, P., Contribution to the study of tropical days in Athens (1959) Bulletin of Army Geographical Service, 2, pp. 61-68; Chu, P.S., Yu, Z.P., Hastenrath, S., Detecting climate change concurrent with deforestation in the Amazon basin: Which way has it gone? (1994) Bull Amer Meteor Soc, 75, pp. 583-759; de Dear, R., Pickup, J., An outdoor thermal environment index (OUT_SET*) - Applications (2000) Biometeorology and Urban Climatology at the Turn of the Millenium, pp. 285-290. , In: In: de Dear RJ, Kalma JD, Oke TR, Auliciems A (eds) Selected Papers from the Conference ICB-ICUC{\textquoteright}99, Sydney. WCASP-50, WMO/TD No. 1026; Dikaiakos, J., Nastos, P., The climatic and bioclimatic regime of the tropical days in Athens (1991) Annales Geologiques Des Pays Helleniques, 35, pp. 471-488; Eginitis, D., (1907) The Climate of Greece (Part A), , P. Sakellariou Editions, Athens; Fanger, P.O., (1972) Thermal Comfort, , McGraw Hill New York; Feidas, H., Makrogiannis, T., Bora-Senta, E., Trend analysis of air temperature time series in Greece and their relationship with circulation using surface and satellite data: 1955-2001 (2004) Theor Appl Climatol, 79, pp. 185-208. , 10.1007/s00704-004-0064-5; Flocas, A.A., Angouridakis, V.E., Extreme values analysis of air temperature over Greece (1979) Arch Met Geoph Biokl Ser B, 27, pp. 47-57. , 10.1007/BF02245909; Flocas, H.A., Tolika, K., Anagnostopoulou, Chr., Patrikas, I., Maheras, P., Vafiadis, M., Evaluation of maximum and minimum temperature of NCEP-NCAR reanalysis data over Greece (2005) Theor Appl Climatol, 80, pp. 49-65. , 10.1007/s00704-004-0078-z; Founda, D., Papadopoulos, K.H., Petrakis, M., Giannakopoulos, C., Good, P., Analysis of mean, maximum, and minimum temperature in Athens from 1897 to 2001 with emphasis on the last decade: Trends, warm events, and cold events (2004) Global Planet Change, 44 (1-4), pp. 27-38. , 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2004.06.003; Gagge, A.P., Fobelets, A.P., Berglund, L.G., A standard predictive index of human response to the thermal environment (1986) ASHRAE Trans, 92, pp. 709-731; Giles, B.D., Flocas, A.A., Air temperature variations in Greece. Part 1: Persistence, trend and fluctuations (1984) Int J Climatol, 4, pp. 531-539. , 10.1002/joc.3370040508; Hasanean, H.M., Fluctuations of surface air temperature in the Eastern Mediterranean (2001) Theor Appl Climatol, 68, pp. 75-87. , 10.1007/s007040170055; H{\"o}ppe, P., (1984) Die Energiebilanz Des Menschen, , Wiss Mitt Meteor Inst Univ M{\"u}nchen No 49; H{\"o}ppe, P., Heat balance modelling (1993) Experientia, 49, pp. 741-746. , 10.1007/BF01923542; H{\"o}ppe, P., The physiological equivalent temperature - A universal index for the biometeorological assessment of the thermal environment (1999) Int J Biometeorol, 43, pp. 71-75. , 10.1007/s004840050118; (2001) Third Assessment Report, , IPCC Working Group I Report; Jendritzky, G., Menz, G., Schirmer, H., Schmidt-Kessen, W., (1990) Methodik Zur Raumbezogenen Bewertung Der Thermischen Komponente Im Bioklima Des Menschen (Fortgeschriebenes Klima-Michel-Modell), , Beitr Akad Raumforsch Landesplan No. 114; Jones, P.D., Hemispheric surface air temperature variations: A reanalysis and an update to 1993 (1994) J Clim, 7, pp. 1794-1802. , 10.1175/1520-0442(1994)007\&lt;1794:HSATVA\&gt;2.0.CO;2; Jones, P., Moberg, A., Hemispheric and large-scale surface air temperature variations: An extensive revision and an update to 2001 (2003) J Clim, 16, pp. 206-223. , 10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016\&lt;0206:HALSSA\&gt;2.0.CO;2; Jones, P.D., Osborn, T.J., Briffa, K.R., Folland, C.K., Horton, B., Alexander, L.V., Parker, D.E., Rayner, N.A., Adjusting for sampling density in grid-box land and ocean surface temperature time series (2001) J Geophys Res, 106, pp. 3371-3380. , 10.1029/2000JD900564; Kutiel, H., Maheras, P., Variations in the temperature regimes across the Mediterranean during the last century and their relationship with circulation indices (1998) Theor Appl Climatol, 61, pp. 39-53. , 10.1007/s007040050050; Lolis, C.J., Bartzokas, A., Metaxas, D.A., Spatial covariability of the climatic parameters in the Greek area (1999) Int J Climatol, 19, pp. 185-196. , 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0088(199902)19:2\&lt;185::AID-JOC339\&gt;3.0.CO;2-0; Maheras, P., Xoplaki, E., Davies, T., Martin-Vide, J., Bariendos, M., Alcoforado, M.J., Warm and cold monthly anomalies across the Mediterranean basin and their relationship with circulation; 1860-1990 (1999) Int J Climatol, 19, pp. 1697-1715. , 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0088(199912)19:15\&lt;1697::AID-JOC442\&gt;3.0.CO;2-S; Mariolopoulos, E.G., (1938) The Climate of Greece, pp. 79-82. , Athens Greece; Mariolopoulos, H., Meteorology in ancient Greece (1972) Minutes of the Academy of Athens, 47, pp. 89-101; Matzarakis, A., Mayer, H., Heat stress in Greece (1997) Int J Biometeorol, 41, pp. 34-39. , 10.1007/s004840050051; Matzarakis, A., Mayer, H., Iziomon, M.G., Applications of a universal thermal index: Physiological equivalent temperature (1999) Int J Biometeorol, 43, pp. 76-84. , 10.1007/s004840050119; Matzarakis, A., Rutz, F., Mayer, H., Estimation and calculation of the mean radiant temperature within urban structures (2000) Selected Papers from the Conference ICB-ICUC{\textquoteright}99, (1026), pp. 273-278. , In: de Dear RJ, Kalma JD, Oke TR, Auliciems A (eds) Sydney. WCASP-50, WMO/TD No; Maugeri, M., Nanni, T., Surface ait temperature variation in Italy: Recent trends and update to 1993 (1998) Theor Appl Climatol, 61, pp. 191-196. , 10.1007/s007040050063; Mayer, H., Urban bioclimatology (1993) Experientia, 49, pp. 957-963. , 10.1007/BF02125642; Metaxas, D.A., Bartzokas, A., Vitsas, A., Temperature fluctuations in the Mediterranean area during the last 120 years (1991) Int J Climatol, 11, pp. 897-908; Nastos, P., The Kriging interpolation method and its application in Climatology (1993) Proceedings of the 3rd Hellenic Geographical Congress, pp. 547-555. , Athens 1-3 April 1993 (in Greek); Nastos, P., The influence of the physicogeographical factors in the air temperature regime of Greece (1995), PhD thesis, Faculty of Geology, National and Kapodistrian University of AthensPhilandras, C.M., Metaxas, D.A., Nastos, P., Climate variability and urbanization in Athens (1999) Theor Appl Climatol, 63, pp. 65-72. , 10.1007/s007040050092; Proedrou, M., Theoharatos, G., Cartalis, C., Variations and trends in annual and seasonal air temperature in Greece determined from ground and satellite measurements (1997) Theor Appl Climatol, 57, pp. 65-78. , 10.1007/BF00867977; Repapis, C.C., Philandras, C.M., A note on the air temperature trends of the last 100 years, as evidenced in the Eastern Mediterranean time series (1988) Theor Appl Climatol, 39, pp. 93-107. , 10.1007/BF00866394; Serra, C., Burgueno, A., Lana, X., Analysis of Maximum and minimum daily temperatures recorded at Fabra Observatory (Barcelona, NE Spain) in the period 1917-1998 (2001) Int J Climatol, 21, pp. 617-636. , 10.1002/joc.633; Sneyers, R., (1975) Sur L{\textquoteright} Analyse Statistique Des Series D{\textquoteright}observations, , Technical note 143 WMO Geneva; Spagnolo, J.C., de Dear, R.J., A field study of thermal comfort in outdoor and semi-outdoor environments in subtropical Sydney Australia (2003) Build Environ, 38, pp. 721-738. , 10.1016/S0360-1323(02)00209-3; Spagnolo, J.C., de Dear, R.J., A human thermal climatology of subtropical Sydney (2003) Int J Climatol, 23, pp. 1383-1395. , 10.1002/joc.939; Turkes, M., Sumer, U.M., Demir, I., Re-evaluation of trends and changes in mean, maximum and minimum temperatures of Turkey for the period 1929-1999 (2002) Int J Climatol, 22, pp. 947-977. , 10.1002/joc.777; Interactions between atmosphere and surfaces. Calclualation of short-wave and long-wave radiation (1994), VDI VDI Guideline 3789 Part 2. Blatt 2. Beuth, BerlinMethods for the human-biometerological assessment of climate and air hygiene for urban and regional planning (1998), VDI Part I: Climate, VDI guideline 3787. Part 2. Beuth, BerlinXoplaki, E., Luterbacher, J., Burkard, R., Patrikas, I., Maheras, P., Connection between the large-scale 500 hPa geopotential height fields and precipitation over Greece during wintertime (2000) Clim Res, 14, pp. 129-146. , 10.3354/cr014129; Xoplaki, E., Gonzalez-Rouco, J.F., Luterbacher, J., Warner, H., Mediterranean summer air temperatures variability and its connection to the large-scale atmospheric circulation and SSTs (2003) Clim Dyn, 20, pp. 723-739},
	month = {2008},
	pages = {75 - 89},
	abstract = {Tropical days (TD) are defined as the days with a maximum air temperature greater than 30.0{\textdegree}C. It is clear that the study of TD includes also the absolute maximum temperatures, which are of great interest for the description of a region{\textquoteright}s climate. These days are considered as very hot, and they particularly are of great importance not only for bioclimatology and applied sciences, but also for the individuals who are sensitive in the heat-stress. The regime of the TD in Greece is the focus of this study. The aim is to demonstrate their changes from decade to decade, for the time period 1960-2000. For this study, the Annual Number of Tropical Days (ANTD) recorded by each of the 26 meteorological stations of National Meteorological Service, which are uniformly distributed in the Hellenic peninsula, was calculated and analysed. In terms of quantifying the conditions in a human-biometeorological manner, the thermal index Physiological Equivalent Temperature (PET) and the consecutive days for Athens have been included in this study. The trends of the TD for each station were analysed through the Mann-Kendall technique, while the spatial distribution per decade reveals the regions with change (increase or decrease) in the ANTD during the examined period. Two characteristic periods of change for the ANTD appear in the majority of the meteorological stations in Greece. The first period (1955-1976) is determined by a negative trend, which is statistically significant (c.l. 95\%), for adequate stations. In the period between 1976 and 2000, the increase in the ANTD and the maximum temperature exceed the corresponding maximum that appeared in the beginning of the 1950s for several of the examined meteorological stations. The human-biometeorological analysis shows that the consecutive days of PET \&gt;35{\textdegree}C have had a positive trend in the last two decades of the last century. {\textcopyright} Springer-Verlag 2007.},
	keywords = {air temperature, bioclimatology, Eurasia, Europe, Greece, regional climate, Southern Europe, Spatial distribution, tropical environment, twentieth century},
	isbn = {0177798X (ISSN)},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-44849114273\&partnerID=40\&md5=5565706df1117af293a5613451e43bb6},
	author = {Nastos, P. T. and Matzarakis, A. P.}
}
