<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hodes, G. E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bangasser, D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sotiropoulos, I</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kokras, N</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dalla, C</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sex Differences in Stress Response: Classical Mechanisms and Beyond</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Curr Neuropharmacol</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">*Amyloid beta-Peptides/metabolism</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">*Sex Characteristics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">antidepressants</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone/metabolism</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">glucocorticoids.</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hormones/metabolism</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HPA axis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System/metabolism</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Immune</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neurodegeneration</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pituitary-Adrenal System/metabolism</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sex differences</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">stress</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stress, Psychological/metabolism</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2024</style></year></dates><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">22</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">475-494</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1570-159X (Print)1570-159x</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neuropsychiatric disorders, which are associated with stress hormone dysregulation, occur at different rates in men and women. Moreover, nowadays, preclinical and clinical evidence demonstrates that sex and gender can lead to differences in stress responses that predispose males and females to different expressions of similar pathologies. In this curated review, we focus on what is known about sex differences in classic mechanisms of stress response, such as glucocorticoid hormones and corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF), which are components of the hypothalamicpituitary- adrenal (HPA) axis. Then, we present sex differences in neurotransmitter levels, such as serotonin, dopamine, glutamate and GABA, as well as indices of neurodegeneration, such as amyloid β and Tau. Gonadal hormone effects, such as estrogens and testosterone, are also discussed throughout the review. We also review in detail preclinical data investigating sex differences caused by recentlyrecognized regulators of stress and disease, such as the immune system, genetic and epigenetic mechanisms, as well neurosteroids. Finally, we discuss how understanding sex differences in stress responses, as well as in pharmacology, can be leveraged into novel, more efficacious therapeutics for all. Based on the supporting evidence, it is obvious that incorporating sex as a biological variable into preclinical research is imperative for the understanding and treatment of stress-related neuropsychiatric disorders, such as depression, anxiety and Alzheimer's disease.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">37855285</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1875-6190Hodes, Georgia EBangasser, DebraSotiropoulos, IoannisKokras, NikolaosDalla, ChristinaR01 DA049837, R21 MH129020, R01 DA056534/NIH, National Institutes of Health/IOS-1929829/NSF, National Science Foundation/R56MH124930-01A1/NIMH, National Institute of Mental Health/HFRI-FM17-1676/Hellenic Foundation for Research and Innovation (H.F.R.I.)/Journal ArticleUnited Arab Emirates2023/10/19Curr Neuropharmacol. 2024;22(3):475-494. doi: 10.2174/1570159X22666231005090134.</style></notes><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The authors declare no conflict of interest, financial or otherwise.</style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PMC10845083</style></custom2><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Virginia Tech, School of Neuroscience, Blacksburg, VA, USA.Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA.Institute of Biosciences &amp; Applications NCSR &quot;Demokritos&quot;, Athens, Greece.Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.First Department of Psychiatry, Eginition Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.</style></auth-address><remote-database-provider><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NLM</style></remote-database-provider></record></records></xml>