@article {13437,
	title = {Staging of Schizophrenia with the use of PANSS: An international multi-center study.},
	journal = {Int J Neuropsychopharmacol},
	year = {2019},
	month = {2019 Sep 30},
	abstract = {INTRODUCTION: A specific clinically relevant staging model for schizophrenia has not yet been developed. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the factor structure of the PANSS and to develop such a staging method.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-nine centers from 25 countries contributed 2358 patients aged 37.21{\textpm}11.87 years with schizophrenia. Analysis of Covariance, Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), Discriminant Function Analysis (DFA) and inspection of resultant plots were performed.

RESULTS: EFA returned five factors explaining 59\% of the variance (Positive-Po, Negative-Ne, Excitement/Hostility-EH, Depression/Anxiety-DA and Neurocognition-Ncog). The staging model included four main stages with substages that were predominantly characterized by a single domain of symptoms (stage 1: Po; stage 2a and 2b: EH; stage 3a and 3b: DA; stage 4a and 4b: Ncog). There were no differences between sexes. The DFA developed an algorithm which correctly classified >85\% of patients.

DISCUSSION: This study elaborates a five-factor solution and a clinical staging method for patients with schizophrenia. It is the largest study to address these issues among patients who are more likely to remain affiliated with mental health services for prolonged periods of time.},
	issn = {1469-5111},
	doi = {10.1093/ijnp/pyz053},
	author = {Fountoulakis, Konstantinos N and Dragioti, Elena and Theofilidis, Antonis T and Wikilund, Tobias and Atmatzidis, Xenofon and Nimatoudis, Ioannis and Thys, Erik and Wampers, Martien and Hranov, Luchezar and Hristova, Trayana and Aptalidis, Daniil and Milev, Roumen and Iftene, Felicia and Spaniel, Filip and Knytl, Pavel and Furstova, Petra and From, Tiina and Karlsson, Henry and Walta, Maija and Salokangas, Raimo K R and Azorin, Jean-Michel and Bouniard, Justine and Montant, Julie and Juckel, Georg and Haussleiter, Ida S and Douzenis, Athanasios and Smyrnis, Nikolaos and Mantonakis, Leonidas and Nemes, Zs{\'o}fia and Gonda, Xenia and Vajda, Dora and Juhasz, Anita and Shrivastava, Amresh and Waddington, John and Pompili, Maurizio and Comparelli, Anna and Corigliano, Valentina and Rancans, Elmars and Navickas, Alvydas and Hilbig, Jan and Bukelskis, Laurynas and Stevovic, Lidija Injac and Vodopic, Sanja and Esan, Oluyomi and Oladele, Oluremi and Osunbote, Christopher and Rybakowski, Janusz Κ and Wojciak, Pawel and Domowicz, Klaudia and Figueira, Maria Luisa and Linhares, Ludgero and Crawford, Joana and Panfil, Anca-Livia and Smirnova, Daria and Izmailova, Olga and Lecic-Tosevski, Dusica and Temmingh, Henk and Howells, Fleur and Bobes, Julio and Garcia-Portilla, Maria Paz and Garc{\'\i}a-Alvarez, Leticia and Erzin, Gamze and Karada{\u g}, Hasan and De Sousa, Avinash and Bendre, Anuja and Hoschl, Cyril and Bredicean, Cristina and Papava, Ion and Vukovic, Olivera and Pejuskovic, Bojana and Russell, Vincent and Athanasiadis, Loukas and Konsta, Anastasia and Stein, Dan and Berk, Michael and Dean, Olivia and Tandon, Rajiv and Kasper, Siegfried and De Hert, Marc}
}
