This chapter critically presents and discusses the Ecumenical Patriarch's 2014 lecture on ‘Religion and Freedom’. The first part of the chapter argues that the Ecumenical Patriarch departs from previous dismissive views of Orthodox thinkers and church leaders about human rights and the location of religious freedom within it, by counter-proposing a personalist interpretation of libertarian freedom, compatible with the theological anthropology of the Orthodox Church. The Ecumenical Patriarch's view was given official expression at the Holy and Great Council of 2016. The second part of the chapter shows that religious freedom uncovers deep-rooted antinomies in the historical identity of the Orthodox Church as a religious community. The chapter concludes by arguing that the Orthodox Church has the intellectual resources to solve these antinomies through a process of critical self-reflection.