Mass production led to steep decreases in the costs of goods for consumers around the world. The 'lot size one' (LSO) scenario – literally referring to the production of one item in one lot – seems like the least efficient manufacturing concept around. However, it turns out that mass production has a lot of downsides, including large amounts of stock of both components and finished products that end up in a secondary liquidation market, sold at drastically reduced prices. LSO and Industry 4.0 have come together to produce a product after the customer has been found, a system in which a customer orders exactly what they want and 100 % of the manufactured items are sold. The EU-funded eFactory project is developing a connected factory platform to enable the agile manufacturing and personalisation required for LSO, positioning the EU as an innovation leader on the global stage.