High jumpers strive to maintain low body mass and may be at increased risk for inadequate nutrient intakes. Since there is no data on the nutritional status in this sport, this study aimed to evaluate the nutritional intake of elite high jumpers (7 males, 7 females). Athletes were in energy balance (energy intake was equal to energy expenditure and body mass was stable), but their energy intake was among the lowest reported for athletes (148±23 and 142±18 kJ/kg/day, for males and females). Carbohydrate intake of both males and females (3.6±0.8 g/kg/day) was low compared with recommended values, and diet was deficient in several micronutrients such as vitamin D (12% of dietary reference intake, DRI), vitamin E (34% DRI), folate (46% DRI), calcium (78% DRI) and iron (55% DRI, for females only). These low carbohydrate and micronutrient intakes may negatively affect training quality and adaptations and may jeopardize the athletes' health. © JPES.

The purpose of the study was to compare bilateral deficit in jumping (i.e. when the sum of left and right leg jump height is greater than the two-leg jump) between pre-pubertal boys and girls. One hundred and seventy two children (83 boys and 89 girls between) were divided into two groups (10 and 12 years old) and performed oneleg and two-leg counter movement jumps without arm swing on a contact mat. The bilateral jump deficit index was calculated as: 1-(right+left leg jump height)/two-leg jump height x 100. Peak leg power output during jumping was also calculated and was scaled with body mass. Jump height and relative leg peak power were similar in boys and girls of both age groups. However, the bilateral jump deficit index was always greater and positive in boys compared with girls, indicating that the two-legged jump performance was better than the sum of right and left leg jumps. This difference between boys and girls remained even when training history was taken into account (trained vs. untrained children), indicating that it is independent of training status. Also, when differences in bilateral deficit were examined with analysis of covariance, with maturity offset (an index of biological maturation) as the covariate, boys still had greater values than girls (12.9±2.0 vs. -1.6±2.3%, p<0.01). In conclusion, the results of the present study indicated that the there was no bilateral deficit for vertical jumping for boys at this age range. In contrast, girls had a bilateral index that was close to zero, indicating equal two-leg and sum of two legs jumps. These differences between boys and girls may be explained by a reduced ability to activate motor units during pre-puberty and/or superior motor skill ability (i.e. balance on one leg and jump) of girls over boys at that age. © JPES.

This study investigated the changes in oxidative stress biomarkers and antioxidant status indices caused by a 3-week high-intensity interval training (HIT) regimen. Eight physically active males performed three HIT sessions/week over 3. weeks. Each session included four to six 30-s bouts of high-intensity cycling separated by 4. min of recovery. Before training, acute exercise elevated protein carbonyls (PC), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity, total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and creatine kinase (CK), which peaked 24. h post-exercise (252 ± 30%, 135 ± 17%, 10 ± 2%, 85 ± 14% and 36 ± 13%, above baseline, respectively; p<. 0.01), while catalase activity (CAT) peaked 30. min post-exercise (56 ± 18% above baseline; p<. 0.01). Training attenuated the exercise-induced increase in oxidative stress markers (PC by 13.3 ± 3.7%; TBARS by 7.2 ± 2.7%, p<. 0.01) and CK activity, despite the fact that total work done was 10.9 ± 3.6% greater in the post- compared with the pre-training exercise test. Training also induced a marked elevation of antioxidant status indices (TAC by 38.4 ± 7.2%; CAT by 26.2 ± 10.1%; GPX by 3.0 ± 0.6%, p<. 0.01). Short-term HIT attenuates oxidative stress and up-regulates antioxidant activity after only nine training sessions totaling 22. min of high intensity exercise, further supporting its positive effect not only on physical conditioning but also on health promotion. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.

This study investigated the changes in oxidative stress biomarkers and antioxidant status indices caused by a 3-week high-intensity interval training (HIT) regimen. Eight physically active males performed three HIT sessions/week over 3. weeks. Each session included four to six 30-s bouts of high-intensity cycling separated by 4. min of recovery. Before training, acute exercise elevated protein carbonyls (PC), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity, total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and creatine kinase (CK), which peaked 24. h post-exercise (252 ± 30%, 135 ± 17%, 10 ± 2%, 85 ± 14% and 36 ± 13%, above baseline, respectively; p<. 0.01), while catalase activity (CAT) peaked 30. min post-exercise (56 ± 18% above baseline; p<. 0.01). Training attenuated the exercise-induced increase in oxidative stress markers (PC by 13.3 ± 3.7%; TBARS by 7.2 ± 2.7%, p<. 0.01) and CK activity, despite the fact that total work done was 10.9 ± 3.6% greater in the post- compared with the pre-training exercise test. Training also induced a marked elevation of antioxidant status indices (TAC by 38.4 ± 7.2%; CAT by 26.2 ± 10.1%; GPX by 3.0 ± 0.6%, p<. 0.01). Short-term HIT attenuates oxidative stress and up-regulates antioxidant activity after only nine training sessions totaling 22. min of high intensity exercise, further supporting its positive effect not only on physical conditioning but also on health promotion. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.

High jumpers strive to maintain low body mass and may be at increased risk for inadequate nutrient intakes. Since there is no data on the nutritional status in this sport, this study aimed to evaluate the nutritional intake of elite high jumpers (7 males, 7 females). Athletes were in energy balance (energy intake was equal to energy expenditure and body mass was stable), but their energy intake was among the lowest reported for athletes (148±23 and 142±18 kJ/kg/day, for males and females). Carbohydrate intake of both males and females (3.6±0.8 g/kg/day) was low compared with recommended values, and diet was deficient in several micronutrients such as vitamin D (12% of dietary reference intake, DRI), vitamin E (34% DRI), folate (46% DRI), calcium (78% DRI) and iron (55% DRI, for females only). These low carbohydrate and micronutrient intakes may negatively affect training quality and adaptations and may jeopardize the athletes' health. © JPES.

The purpose of the study was to compare bilateral deficit in jumping (i.e. when the sum of left and right leg jump height is greater than the two-leg jump) between pre-pubertal boys and girls. One hundred and seventy two children (83 boys and 89 girls between) were divided into two groups (10 and 12 years old) and performed oneleg and two-leg counter movement jumps without arm swing on a contact mat. The bilateral jump deficit index was calculated as: 1-(right+left leg jump height)/two-leg jump height x 100. Peak leg power output during jumping was also calculated and was scaled with body mass. Jump height and relative leg peak power were similar in boys and girls of both age groups. However, the bilateral jump deficit index was always greater and positive in boys compared with girls, indicating that the two-legged jump performance was better than the sum of right and left leg jumps. This difference between boys and girls remained even when training history was taken into account (trained vs. untrained children), indicating that it is independent of training status. Also, when differences in bilateral deficit were examined with analysis of covariance, with maturity offset (an index of biological maturation) as the covariate, boys still had greater values than girls (12.9±2.0 vs. -1.6±2.3%, p<0.01). In conclusion, the results of the present study indicated that the there was no bilateral deficit for vertical jumping for boys at this age range. In contrast, girls had a bilateral index that was close to zero, indicating equal two-leg and sum of two legs jumps. These differences between boys and girls may be explained by a reduced ability to activate motor units during pre-puberty and/or superior motor skill ability (i.e. balance on one leg and jump) of girls over boys at that age. © JPES.

This study investigated the changes in oxidative stress biomarkers and antioxidant status indices caused by a 3-week high-intensity interval training (HIT) regimen. Eight physically active males performed three HIT sessions/week over 3. weeks. Each session included four to six 30-s bouts of high-intensity cycling separated by 4. min of recovery. Before training, acute exercise elevated protein carbonyls (PC), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity, total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and creatine kinase (CK), which peaked 24. h post-exercise (252 ± 30%, 135 ± 17%, 10 ± 2%, 85 ± 14% and 36 ± 13%, above baseline, respectively; p<. 0.01), while catalase activity (CAT) peaked 30. min post-exercise (56 ± 18% above baseline; p<. 0.01). Training attenuated the exercise-induced increase in oxidative stress markers (PC by 13.3 ± 3.7%; TBARS by 7.2 ± 2.7%, p<. 0.01) and CK activity, despite the fact that total work done was 10.9 ± 3.6% greater in the post- compared with the pre-training exercise test. Training also induced a marked elevation of antioxidant status indices (TAC by 38.4 ± 7.2%; CAT by 26.2 ± 10.1%; GPX by 3.0 ± 0.6%, p<. 0.01). Short-term HIT attenuates oxidative stress and up-regulates antioxidant activity after only nine training sessions totaling 22. min of high intensity exercise, further supporting its positive effect not only on physical conditioning but also on health promotion. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.

High jumpers strive to maintain low body mass and may be at increased risk for inadequate nutrient intakes. Since there is no data on the nutritional status in this sport, this study aimed to evaluate the nutritional intake of elite high jumpers (7 males, 7 females). Athletes were in energy balance (energy intake was equal to energy expenditure and body mass was stable), but their energy intake was among the lowest reported for athletes (148±23 and 142±18 kJ/kg/day, for males and females). Carbohydrate intake of both males and females (3.6±0.8 g/kg/day) was low compared with recommended values, and diet was deficient in several micronutrients such as vitamin D (12% of dietary reference intake, DRI), vitamin E (34% DRI), folate (46% DRI), calcium (78% DRI) and iron (55% DRI, for females only). These low carbohydrate and micronutrient intakes may negatively affect training quality and adaptations and may jeopardize the athletes' health. © JPES.

The purpose of the study was to compare bilateral deficit in jumping (i.e. when the sum of left and right leg jump height is greater than the two-leg jump) between pre-pubertal boys and girls. One hundred and seventy two children (83 boys and 89 girls between) were divided into two groups (10 and 12 years old) and performed oneleg and two-leg counter movement jumps without arm swing on a contact mat. The bilateral jump deficit index was calculated as: 1-(right+left leg jump height)/two-leg jump height x 100. Peak leg power output during jumping was also calculated and was scaled with body mass. Jump height and relative leg peak power were similar in boys and girls of both age groups. However, the bilateral jump deficit index was always greater and positive in boys compared with girls, indicating that the two-legged jump performance was better than the sum of right and left leg jumps. This difference between boys and girls remained even when training history was taken into account (trained vs. untrained children), indicating that it is independent of training status. Also, when differences in bilateral deficit were examined with analysis of covariance, with maturity offset (an index of biological maturation) as the covariate, boys still had greater values than girls (12.9±2.0 vs. -1.6±2.3%, p<0.01). In conclusion, the results of the present study indicated that the there was no bilateral deficit for vertical jumping for boys at this age range. In contrast, girls had a bilateral index that was close to zero, indicating equal two-leg and sum of two legs jumps. These differences between boys and girls may be explained by a reduced ability to activate motor units during pre-puberty and/or superior motor skill ability (i.e. balance on one leg and jump) of girls over boys at that age. © JPES.