Background The work is part of a wider research project wherein we are trying to further explore the conceptual ecology of evolutionary theory of present and prospective teachers in Greece. Methods Quantitative and qualitative research was applied. In the former a questionnaire was answered by 318 secondary school teachers who teach biology. We further interviewed eight of the teachers by means of semi structured interviews and analyzed the interviews using the QSR nVivo program. Results Acceptance of evolution levels was found moderate both in the total cohort and among science teachers; on the one hand, this was correlated with the prevalence of low level of knowledge and understanding due to lack of previous instruction; on the other hand, their type of religiosity was not a serious obstacle to accepting evolution, since it was correlated with a high degree of thinking dispositions. Conclusions The results are in agreement with our previous findings that the type of religiosity is crucial for the acceptance or rejection of evolution, particularly when it does not prevent someone from being “open-minded”. At the same time, the fact that geologists who teach science showed the highest level of acceptance of evolution, indicates, when paired with other evidence, that the geological data are the most convincing evidence to help students and teachers to make a first step in their multistep route towards accepting and understanding the theory of evolution.

Evolution Teaching (ET) among In-Service teachers in Greece was examined in an attempt to evaluate their Pedagogical Content Knowledge. Evolution teaching is a problematic issue. For this purpose, we constructed a questionnaire that was distributed to the target population and to which 181 teachers responded. We used quantitative method to determine factors that may characterize the ET milieu and which of the factors of PCK apply or not to ET. Our research finds that Biology teachers although strive to teach evolution, face specific difficulties due to lack of PCK. The research results may be useful when organizing and implementing professional development programs of teachers on ET.

Κεφάλαιο 1.1. Για την επιστηµονική µέθοδο: ιστορική διαδροµή. Από τον επιστηµονικό θετικισµό στον µεταθετικισµό. 1.1.1. Λογικός Θετικισµός. Στις αρχές του 20ού αιώνα κάνει την εµφάνισή του στη Βιέννη, το ρεύµα του Λογικού Θετικισµού, που ταυτίζεται µε µια οµάδα φιλοσόφων και διανοητών που είναι γνωστή ως ο «Κύκλος της Βιέννης». Το 1929 ο κύκλος της Βιέννης δηµοσίευσε τη διακήρυξή του µε τίτλο «Η επιστηµονική αντίληψη του κόσµου» γνωστοποιώντας στο κοινό τις φιλοσοφικές απόψεις του. Οι λογικοί θετικιστές απορρίπτουν τη µεταφυσική και προσπαθούν να αναγάγουν όλες τις δηλώσεις και τις προτάσεις στην καθαρή λογική. Ιδρυτές του θεωρούνται οι Hahn, Frank και Neurath. Η προσθήκη των Carnap, Feigl, Schlick κ.ά. οδήγησε στη συγκρότηση του «Κύκλου της Βιέννης», που αποτέλεσε την οµάδα που ταυτίστηκε και προώθησε τον Λογικό Θετικισµό.