Publications by Year: 1993

The historical events that constitute the basis for a geopolitical interpretation of the Armenian question should be placed within their diplomatic framework, so that the right conclusions can be drawn. If these conclusions happen to verge on cynicism, the blame should not be put on the author of this article but on the nature of international relations, which has been proved anything but humane throughout history.

We present a systematic study of local spin moments of impurities in alkali-metal hosts, by means of ab initio, local-spin-density electronic structure calculations. Our results predict for the first time that besides the well-known cases of 3d and 4d impurities also 5d and some sp impurities are magnetic in the alkali metals both on substitutional and interstitial positions.

Summary— Collecting duct carcinoma (CDC) is a recently recognised histological variety of renal carcinoma (RC) considered to arise from the epithelium of the collecting ducts. Diagnosis of this entity depends on well defined gross and microscopic criteria and is supported by a characteristic immunostaining pattern. The clinical features of these patients, the natural course of the disease and its response to treatment have not been clearly established. Between 1980 and 1990 we treated 12 patients (median age 43 years, range 16–62) with collecting duct carcinoma of the kidney. In addition to being relatively young, each patient had a strong family history of associated malignancies. Survival was short (median 22 months) and 11 patients presented with locally advanced or metastatic disease. © 1993 British Journal of Urology

Background. Alpha‐interferon and dexamethasone are each effective in patients with multiple myeloma and have a combined inhibitory effect on the in vitro growth of myeloma colonies. The effect of combined therapy in newly diagnosed patients is unknown. Methods. Fifty‐one consecutive patients with previously untreated multiple myeloma of low tumor mass received primary therapy with 3 million units (mu)/m2/day of interferon administered subcutaneously for 20 days and 20 mg/m2 of dexamethasone given orally each morning for 4 days beginning on days 1, 9, and 17. Courses were repeated after a rest period of 14 days. Results were compared with those of similar patients who received primary treatment with dexamethasone alone in the same dose regimen. Results. The response rate was similar: 57% for patients treated with interferon‐dexamethasone and 48% for those treated with dexamethasone alone. Remission and survival times of both groups were identical. Twenty‐nine percent of patients resistant to interferon‐dexamethasone and 19% of patients resistant to dexamethasone responded subsequently to either standard melphalan‐prednisone or to a cyclophosphamide‐vincristine‐doxorubicin‐dexamethasone combination. These regimens were also effective in one third of patients with disease relapse despite interferon. Conclusion. In this nonrandomized study of previously untreated patients with multiple myeloma, the addition of interferon in a dose of 3 mu/m2/day to dexamethasone achieved results similar to those with dexamethasone alone. Copyright © 1993 American Cancer Society

The canine is frequently used as a model for human hip arthroplasty research. In order to better understand the appropriateness of the canine as a model for human total hip replacement studies, the external morphology of canine and human femurs were examined and compared. Several differences were found between canine and human femora, including angular measurements, anterior bow, and femoral head position relative to the femoral diaphysis. In addition, the human femur was noted to undergo age-related changes in several of the measured parameters. The canine femur did not exhibit any age-related changes in the measured parameters. This study suggests that there are limitations to the use of the canine model in human hip arthroplasty research, and that discretion must be exercised when attempting to extrapolate results from a canine study to the human clinical condition.

Few effective regimens are available for patients with advanced multiple myeloma resistant to or relapsing after both alkylating agents and VAD. We treated 52 patients with advanced and refractory multiple myeloma with the combination of cyclophosphamide (3.0 g/m2) and etoposide (900 mg/m2) followed by GM‐CSF at a daily dose of 0.125 mg/m2 until recovery of granulocytes. 42% of patients responded with a median time of 19 d for recovery of granulocytes to 0.5 x 109/1 and a 4% mortality rate. Eight responding patients received a second myeloablative treatment supported by either autologous bone marrow (six patients) or blood stem cells (two patients). The median survival time for all patients was 11 months and the median remission time for responding patients was 8 months. The combination of cyclophosphamide and etoposide provided an effective rescue treatment for many patients with advanced multiple myeloma resistant to conventional therapies. This programme also allowed early marrow or blood stem cell collection in support of subsequent myeloablative therapy for selected patients. Copyright © 1993, Wiley Blackwell. All rights reserved

Unboiled Thermomonospora fusca endoglucanase E2 electrophoresed on SDS-polyacrylamide gels migrated in the range of 80-90 kDa, but when boiled it migrated in the 40-42-kDa range. Sedimentation equilibrium centrifugation as well as chemical cross-linking experiments confirmed that E2 is a dimer. The dimer was reversibly dissociated at low pH. The E2 dimer was stable up to 70 degrees C, but began to dissociate at this temperature after a 30-60-min incubation. A nondimerizing mutant was obtained using region-specific chemical mutagenesis. DNA sequencing of this mutant revealed a single base change that substituted Gly for Glu-263. Chemical modification of carboxylic acid residues in E2 disrupted the dimer interaction

The fundamental mechanisms controlling the light emission from porous Si remain unresolved. In this paper we report attempts to modify the luminescence using a variety of surface processing steps, such as vacuum annealing with subsequent anneals in nitrogen and oxygen, exposure to hydrofluoric acid (HF) and rapid thermal oxidation. Luminescence, infrared absorption, and electron spin resonance (ESR) have all been used to gain more information on the link between the optical emission and the localisation of the electrons in this material system. We present evidence that the silicon dangling bond is the key component in the non-radiative recombination. This is based on measurements shown that hydrogen coverage of the surface is significant because of saturation of the dangling bonds and a subsequent reduction in the competing non-radiative paths rather than as an active component in the radiative transition. Finally, we focus our attention upon the lower energy band which appears in the luminescence spectrum of porous Si (approx.0.9eV) by examining its behavior under the surface treatments mentioned above. We found that this luminescence band originates from the surface of the porous layer and its intensity correlates well with increasing oxidation of the porous layer.

EPR and magnetic measurements were carried out on specially prepared samples of the EuBa2-xEuxCu3O 7- delta compound in the tetragonal phase, in the temperature range 100-4.2 K. The EPR spectra of Eu2+, Cu2+, coupled pairs of divalent copper ions and the superexchange interaction between Cu ions over oxygen bridges have been observed. The EPR spectrum of europium ions indicates the existence of a crystal-field splitting of the 8S7/2 ground state of Eu2+ ions with a value of the spin-Hamiltonian parameter b20 of about 14*10-2 cm -1. This parameter is analysed within the framework of Newman's superposition model. Anomalies in the temperature variation of the magnetic susceptibility are attributed to the presence of divalent and trivalent europium ions. The susceptibility of Eu3+ ions is non-zero because the excited states are thermally populated and they contribute to the result of the ground state with J=0.

Multiple myeloma is a disseminated malignant neoplasm usually derived from a single clone of plasma cells. Patients with myeloma have diverse signs such as anemia, hypercalcemia, uremia, pathologic fractures, and recurrent infections. Extraosseous manifestations are found in less than 5% of patients with multiple myeloma. They can arise in any tissue, and their presence has been associated with more aggressive disease. The purpose of this assay is to illustrate the imaging findings of extraosseous myeloma and heighten awareness of this unusual manifestation of multiple myeloma.

purpose: To assess the response rate, remission duration, and survival of patients with Waldenström's macroglobulinemia treated with the adenine nucleoside analogue fludarabine. patients and methods: Twenty-eight patients with Waldenström's macroglobulinernia, of whom only 2 were previously untreated, received fludarabine at a dose of 20 to 30 mg/m2 intravenously daily for 5 days (20 patients) or 30 mg/m2 intravenously daily for 3 days (8 patients). Treatment was continued until maximum response was achieved. Responding patients were followed with no further treatment until relapse. results: Ten patients responded (36%), including the 2 previously untreated patients and 8 of 26 patients (31%) who were resistant to prior therapies. Uninaintained remissions lasted for a median of 38 months. There were no fatalities associated with this treatment. Previously untreated patients and those with a primary resistant disease of relatively short duration were more likely to benefit from this treatment. conclusion: Fludarabine is an effective salvage agent for the treatment of patients with resistant Waldenström's macroglobulinemia. Further investigations of fludarabine in untreated patients and in combination with other active agents are warranted. © 1993.

The formation of localized moments of impurities in simple-metal hosts is investigated in the case of an Mn solute atom in jellia with continuously varying density. The mean-field critical behaviour of the transition from a spin-polarized to a non-spin-polarized state of the impurity, which is deduced from self-consistent local-spin-density (LSD) functional calculations, is analysed assuming a Landau-type expansion of the energy. This analysis is illustrated and supported by constrained LSD functional calculations.

We present local density functional calculations for magnetic impurities and magnetic monolayers in non-magnetic metals. The calculations employ a multiple scattering (KKR) Green's function method for impurities in the bulk and for ideal surfaces and interfaces. In particular we discuss the moment formation of 3d and4d impurities in alkali and noble metals. Special emphasis is put on an accurate calculation of the host polarization around 3d impurities in Cu and Pd. While the calculated impurity hyperfine fields in Cu contain rather large errors due to the local density approximation, the induced fields of the Cu atoms agree very well with experiments. We also present similar calculations for magnetic monolayers and the corresponding induced host polarization in Cu and Pd.

A five-step synthesis of 3-methylcholanthrene (1) has been achieved starting from 5-methylhomophthalic anhydride and N,N-diethyl-1-naphthamide in 55{%} over all yield. Treatment of a solution of the preformed lithium enolate of 5-methylhomophthalic anhydride (3) with an equimolar solution of 2-lithio-1-naphthamide (4), followed by acid hydrolysis, provides cleanly the spirobislactone 5 in 80{%} overall yield. In addition, the synthesis features a unique, highly selective double Friedel-Crafts cyclization of the aryl diacid 2 with PPA to give rise, after acetylation, to keto acetate 6.

Extensive studies of red horizontal branch (clump) stars in the outer parts of the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) have suggested the presence of a large line-of-sight depth in the north-eastern region. A sample of red horizontal branch stars in the area of maximum depth was observed in 1989 December and 1990 December with the multi-object spectroscopic facility Autofib at the 3.9-m Anglo-Australian Telescope, with the purpose of deriving the velocity distribution for these stars. The data show a well- defined correlation between distance along the line of sight and radial velocity (corresponding to 8 km s^-1^ kpc^-1^), which may be interpreted as the result of the tidal interaction between the SMC and the LMC.

During the last decade several authors have undertaken extensive studies of the kinematics and structure of the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC), which is generally thought to be affected by the dynamics of the triple interacting system consisting of the Galaxy and the Magellanic Clouds (MCs). In this paper we point out the importance of studying the kinematics of old rather than young populations when investigating the purely gravitational effects on the structure of the SMC of the previously mentioned tidal interaction. We also describe briefly the results obtained for such old stars in the NE 'corner'of the SMC.

This work concerns the structural and optical properties of Porous Silicon. Porous silicon was already known from 1956 when Uhlir at Bell Laboratories in USA discovered that for certain substrate type and resistivity, and for certain electrolyte concentration and current density, silicon could be dissolved anodically in hydrofluoric acid based electrolytes. Localized attack of the silicon substrates led to the formation of a porous silicon layer. In 1984 Pickering et al observed luminescence from this material but it was not until Canham observed efficient visible luminescence at DRA in the UK in 1989 that porous silicon received much attention worldwide as a material for potential optoelectronic applications. Various models have been put forward to explain the light emission in porous silicon. From all of these models the quantum confinement model which considers that the luminescence in porous silicon originates from quantum confinement of carriers in the fine structures of the porous silicon skeleton seems to cope well with the experimental data. Chronoamperometry and gravimetric measurements give information about the degree of the porosity in this material whereas TEM and SEM reveal the fine structure of the pores. Double crystal x-ray diffraction patterns obtained from porous silicon imply that the porous silicon layer is tetragonally distorted and lattice matched to the substrate, the strain increasing with increasing porosity. Electron beam diffraction patterns show that an amorphous phase may be present in the material, but the bulk of it remains crystalline. Infra-red absorption measurements indicate that silicon-hydrogen-oxygen complexes are present in the internal surface of porous silicon playing a significant role in light emission. ESR measurements show that hydrogen and oxygen in particular are important in the passivation of the surface dangling bonds. It is shown that increase in the porosity of this material or in other words decrease in the size of the fine structures constituting the porous silicon skeleton shifts the luminescence band to higher energies. This finding agrees well with the quantum confinement model. However post-treatments such as annealing in vacuum or oxidation cause vast changes in the internal surface of the material as well as in its photoluminescence properties. This observation indicates that changes in the chemical composition of the surface are important in the luminescence process. Unusally long luminescence decay times observed in porous silicon imply some similarities with disordered materials such as amorphous silicon. To date no answer on the important issue of the origin of the light emission in porous silicon exists.

Oxygenated and non‐oxygenated LaBaSrCu3O6+x ceramics in the tetragonal phase are studied using X‐ray, EPR, and magnetic measurements. A Meissner signal for the oxygenated sample corresponding to almost perfect diamagnetism is measured below 35 K. However, EPR data indicate that at least some parts of the sample become superconducting already below 62 K. Magnetic susceptibility of the non‐oxygenated sample exhibit a significant paramagnetic contribution attributed to Cu(1) ions ferromagneticall coupled to the Cu(2) planes. Copyright © 1993 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA

Purpose: To assess prospectively the role of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in the staging of patients with a solitary bone plasmacytoma (SBP). Patients and Methods: Twelve consecutive patients with an apparent SBP underwent MR imaging of both the primary tumor and the thoracic and lumbosacral spine to seek additional foci of marrow involvement that might have been undetected by standard skeletal survey. All patients received megavoltage irradiation (total dose, 40 Gy) to the primary lesion. Results: MR imaging of the thoracic and lumbosacral spine showed additional foci of marrow replacement in four of 1 2 patients, with signal characteristics identical to those of the primary tumor. In all four patients, the abnormal protein persisted at greater than 50% of the pretreatment value following radiation treatment. In contrast, the myeloma protein disappeared or was reduced by greater than 50% in five of the six patients with secretory disease and without additional marrow abnormalities. One of four patients progressed to multiple myeloma 10 months after diagnosis with new lesions on conventional radiographs in the same areas as detected previously by MR imaging. Conclusion; Four of 12 patients considered to have a SBP by standard criteria may have been understaged, because MR imaging showed additional marrow abnormalities consistent with myeloma. MR imaging of the spine may contribute to the initial staging of SBP, especially since some patients may be cured with radiotherapy. © 1993 by American Society of Clinical Oncology.

In the present study, neutrophil functions were examined in vitro in 40 patients suffering from fractures of the upper end of the femur (trochanteric and subcapital). Adherence to nylon, serum chemotaxis, and phagocytosis-bactericidal function were assayed. Three microbial strains, namely, Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, were used for the experiments. Adherence of the patients' neutrophils was found normal. On the contrary, the chemotactic ability of the patients' sera was inferior to that of healthy controls; phagocytosis and bactericidal function were also significantly impaired for all three bacterial strains. The results were independent of fracture site (intracapsular or extracapsular), sex, and age. The observed host defense disorders provide additional information that helps to explain the increased susceptibility of these patients to bacterial infections.

Fludarabine monophosphate (fludarabine) was initially discovered to have significant activity in indolent lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). The major clinical experience with fludarabine is in previously treated patients with CLL. In such patients the complete and partial response rate (CR + PR) is over 50%. These results were obtained with 5-day schedules of fludarabine 25 to 30 mg/m2/d. Subsequent schedules have explored once-a- week fludarabine and a 3-day schedule every 4 weeks. These strategies, in particular the once-a-week schedule, have obtained inferior results. The addition of prednisone has not been associated with an improvement in response rate or survival. The application of fludarabine to previously untreated patients demonstrated a CR + PR rate of 75% to 80%. The addition of prednisone did not improve the response rate or survival in this group of patients. A significant concern in patients with CLL treated with fludarabine is a decrease in the CD4 and CD8 counts. Despite median posttreatment counts of approximately 200 CD4 lymphocytes/μL, the incidence of infections in patients in remission off therapy is low. Major clinical activity has been demonstrated with fludarabine in Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia, in which more than one third of refractory patients achieve a CR or PR. Responding patients with anemia or thrombocytopenia have a marked improvement in blood counts. The duration of response has been long (>30 months) in most responders. The early activity of fludarabine as a single agent in phase I/II studies in indolent lymphoma subsequently has been confirmed by a number of investigators. Fifty percent to 60% of patients with follicular lymphomas respond to fludarabine as a single agent. A number of these responses are complete despite the patients having received extensive prior treatment. A number of combination programs are being developed in CLL and indolent lymphoma. The combination of fludarabine with doxorubicin and prednisone has been developed and is being studied in phase I/II clinical trials. In addition, combinations of fludarabine and cytarabine with or without cisplatin based on elegant preclinical pharmacokinetic rationales have been applied to CLL with impressive cytoreductive activity but significant myelosuppression. A new combination of fludarabine, mitoxantrone, and dexamethasone has been developed for use in lymphoma. Phase I studies demonstrated a high response rate, especially in follicular lymphomas, with a number of patients achieving complete remission. Subsequent phase II studies demonstrate a response rate of 89% in patients with indolent lymphoma. The enhancement of the formation of the triphosphate form of cytarabine in acute myelogenous leukemia blast cells has led to the study of fludarabine and cytarabine in previously treated patients with acute leukemia. The promising results in these patients have led to the application of the fludarabine and cytarabine combination in frontline patients with poor-risk disease and, subsequently, in those with better-risk disease. Results equivalent or superior to traditional combinations have been obtained. The same regimen has been applied to myelodysplastic syndrome patients with a response rate of over 50%. The addition of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor to fludarabine and cytarabine to enhance the cytotoxicity of cytarabine on acute myelogenous leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome has further improved the response rate. These drugs have now been combined with Idarubicin (Adria Laboratories, Columbus, OH). Fludarabine has been demonstrated to have a marked impact on the inhibition of repair of DNA damage subsequent to radiation and exposure to cytotoxic substances such as cisplatin. These biologic effects have been used to develop clinical protocols exploring the combinations of fludarabine/cisplatin with or without cytarabine and fludarabine/radiation therapy. The expanding use of fludarabine in hematologic malignancies is related to its wide range of biochemical actions. Further use in combinations is anticipated.

The spin-orbit scattering (SOS) cross section σso of the 5(s, p) impurities is investigated in two different metal hosts. In the simple Mg host we observe a maximum at half filled p shell. This is the first experimental observation of an impurity p resonance and confirms theoretical predictions. For the transition metal host Cu the maximum in σso is shifted towards Te, the impurity with four p electrons. This is due to the hybridization of the Cu d states with the Te p level. The comparison between experimental and theoretical SOS cross sections represents a compact test of the quality of modern self-consistent electronic structure calculations.

We have developed a formalism which allows one to calculate the transmission, reflection and ansorbance of electromagnetic waves by structures having two-dimensional periodicity parallel to a given surface. The structures considered are single layers or multilayers of non-overlaping spheres, embedded in a host material of different dielectric function. A special case of multilayer is a stack of identical layers whose properties, when the thickness of the slab exceeds a certain limit, are identical with those of the corresponding infinite crystal. We present numerical results for specific examples of single layers and multilayers, and point out some interesting physics which came out of our calculations.

Purpose: To evaluate the role of serum β2-microglobulin (β2M) in the prognosis of patients with Hodgkin's disease. Patients and Methods: One hundred sixty previously untreated patients with Hodgkin's disease had serum β2M levels determined before initiation of treatment. Serum β2M was tested for its correlation with known prognostic factors for patients with Hodgkin's disease. These variables, including β2M, were correlated with complete remission (CR) rate and time to treatment failure (TTF). Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed. Results: Serum β2M levels greater than 2.5 mg/L were found in 29% of patients. Such elevation was more common in patients with more advanced-stage disease. Elevated serum β2M was an independent and powerful factor in the prediction of lower response rate and shorter TTF. Its impact appeared to be more significant in patients with advanced disease. Conclusion: Serum β2M appears to correlate with tumor stage in patients with Hodgkin's disease and elevated serum levels of this polypeptide predict a less favorable prognosis.

Purpose: In recent years, increasing numbers of patients with asymptomatic multiple myeloma have been diagnosed by chance and followed without any therapy. Those at risk for early or late disease progression should be distinguished in order to prevent complications. This study defined prognostic factors that would predict the need for early treatment. Patients and Methods: We followed 95 patients with asymptomatic multiple myeloma without chemotherapy between 1974 and 1991. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the spine was conducted in 23% of patients with normal radiographs. An increase in serum myeloma protein to more than 50 g/L or new lytic bone lesions justified the institution of chemotherapy. Response to treatment and survival were assessed, and prognostic factors were defined for early or late disease progression by standard techniques. Results: The median time to progression in all patients was 26 months. The 25 patients with either a lytic bone lesion, or both serum peak greater than 30 g/L and Bence Jones proteinuria, had the shortest median time to progression of 10 months; the 27 patients without any harmful factor remained stable for a median of 61 months. MRI confirmed bone or marrow disease in half of the patients with normal radiographs and may assist in the prognostic staging. Despite the markedly different times of disease stability, the response rates and survival after chemotherapy were similar for all groups of patients. Conclusion: Among asymptomatic patients with multiple myeloma, the extent of disease at diagnosis and the subsequent rate of disease evolution were major factors in the total survival time. These patients are a markedly heterogeneous group who may benefit from different approaches to treatment according to defined risk factors. © 1993.

We present a formalism for the calculation of the scattering of electromagnetic waves by a substitutionally disordered two-dimensional array of spherical particles. The formalism, which constitutes an extension of the coherent-potential approximation scheme to electromagnetic waves is valid for any frequency of the incident wave and for any size and/or concentration of the particles. We demonstrate the applicability of our formalism by applying it to the evaluation of the absorbance of disordered arrays of plasma spheres.

Two very young clusters in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC), NGC 2098 ans SL 666, were selected for the search for mass segregation. Here we present te first results for NGC 2098. The analysis is still in progress and details will be published elsewhere. The present data confirm that the brightest main sequence stars of NGC 2098 are concentrated in the central 1.5 arcmin. The question now arises whether the cluster itself is indeed extended beyond 1.5 arcmin. Extensive star counts are now being performed in all directions and at large radii around NGC 2098 to help settle this question.

Two types of tasks are to be scheduled on a single processor under incomplete information about the task lengths. We derive the structure of optimal scheduling rules w.r.t. flowtime, as well as asymptotic approximations for a large number of tasks, when the length distributions belong to a one-parameter exponential family. © 1993, Cambridge University Press. All rights reserved.

The authors conclude that serum levels of sIL-2R and β2M may play a role in the early diagnosis and identification of patients with chronic rejection.

sIL-2R and NSE were measured in 24 patients with small cell carcinoma (SCC) of the lung, in 25 patients with non small cell carcinoma (NSCC) and in 20 controls matched for age, sex and smoking habits. Significantly elevated values of sIL-2R and NSE were found in the SCC group (mean ± SEM: 2103 ± 314.4 U/ml and 44.5 ± 7.3 ng/ml repsectively), compared to those in the NSCC group (1079 ± 104.5 U/ml and 3.64 ± 0.8 ng/ml, p < 10-7 respectively) and to controls (561 ± 44.6 U/ml and 1.7 ± 0.3 ng/ml p < 10-5). In the SCC group, 83.3% of sIL-2R and 87.5% of NSE values were above cut-off (900 U/ml and 10 ng/ml respectively), while in the NSCC group, 48% of sIL-2R and only 8% of NSE values were above cut-off. In the controls, all values of both parameters were below cut-off. The results suggest that sIL-2R and NSE in concurrent measurements may help in decision making as regards treatment and prognosis.

A line of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells called CK1.4 was produced by transfection with the gene for the bovine cardiac Na(+)-Ca2+ exchanger. CK1.4 cells stably expressed substantial exchange activity and exchanger protein as shown by immunoprecipitation. Exchange activity was quantified as 45Ca2+ influx that depended on both increasing intracellular Na+ and lowering the concentration of external Na+. Replacing external Na+ with K+ slightly increased 45Ca2+ uptake by CK1.4 cells with basal Na+ and greatly increased 45Ca2+ uptake by Na(+)-loaded cells. Neither exchange activity nor exchanger protein was detected in the nontransfected parental line. By contrast to CK1.4 cells, replacing external Na+ with K+ decreased 45Ca2+ uptake in the nontransfected cells whether or not they were Na+ loaded. Changes in cytosolic free Ca2+ determined with fura-2 were consistent with the 45Ca2+ uptake data. Analysis of poly(A)(+)-RNA by Northern blot confirmed that CK1.4 cells, but not the parental line, expressed the exchanger. Expression of the exchanger was also observed in aortic myocytes and a renal epithelial cell line (LLC-MK2) but not in other lines of renal epithelial cells (MDCK, LLC-PK1) or human dermal fibroblasts. The cardiac exchanger produced substantial 45Ca2+ efflux from CK1.4 cells in response to hormone-evoked release of stored Ca2+. CK1.4 cells are an attractive model for studies of the regulation of the cardiac exchanger because they stably express sufficient exchanger for biochemical and immunological analysis

Subcrustal seismicity recorded in the southern Aegean sea during a 7-week microearthquake study was low compared with shallow seismicity. Most intermediate depth seismicity occurred beneath the western and eastern ends of the Hellenic arc. This distribution confirms that a slab of lithosphere is being subducted at a very shallow (<15°) angle for 200 km beneath the western end (Peloponnese) but more steeply beneath the eastern end (Dodecanese). We could locate only one intermediate depth event beneath the central pan of the arc, where teleseimically located intermediate depth earthquakes also are infrequent. T axes for most of the 22 focal mechanisms of subcrustal earthquakes are roughly parallel to the local dip direction of the seismic zone. Between depths of 40 and 80 km, the mechanisms are more confused than at greater depth, perhaps because some of these earthquakes did not occur within the downgoing slab. Earthquakes deeper than 80 km, and within the subducted slab, have nearly horizontal P axes that trend NNE-SSW in the eastern part and NNW-SSE in the western part of the arc. These deeper mechanisms show horizontal P axes along strike, perhaps in response to the contortion of the slab or to the westward motion of Turkey, as well as lengthening downdip, probably in response to gravity acting on excess mass in the slab. Thus the short slab, both downdip and along strike, subducting beneath the Aegean is subjected to a more complex set of forces than the long slabs of the Pacific.

A five-step synthesis of 3-methylcholanthrene (1) has been achieved starting from 5-methylhomophthalic anhydride and N,N-diethyl-1-naphthamide in 55{%} overall yield. Treatment of a solution of the preformed lithium enolate of 5-methylhomophthalic anhydride (3) with an equimolar solution of 2-lithio-1-naphthamide (4), followed by acid hydrolysis, provides cleanly the spirobislactone 5 in 80{%} overall yield. In addition, the synthesis features a unique, highly selective double Friedel-Crafts cyclization of the aryl diacid 2 with PPA to give rise, after acetylation, to keto acetate 6. © 1993 America Chemical Society.

The electron concentration, the wavefunctions and the energy levels of a n-AlxGa1-xAs/GaAs/n-AlxGa1-xAs double heterojunction are evaluated by solving Schrodinger and Poisson equations self-consistently. The authors investigate, at zero temperature, the dependence of the sheet electron concentration, and the subband populations on the well width, spacer thickness and doping concentrations, for Al mole fraction x=0.3. They give physical interpretations of some interesting characteristics observed. The transition from a 'perfect' square well to a system of 'two separated heterojunctions' is systematically studied. The results are in excellent agreement with previous experiments.

Experiment shows that in AlGaAs/GaAs heterostructures the sheet electron concentration remains almost constant up to a certain temperature, while it increases at higher temperatures. We attempt an interpretation of this temperature dependence, taking into account the fact that in the bulk, n-AlGaAs deep and shallow donors exist, which independently and by different mechanisms provide electrons to the different conduction band minima of the bulk n-AlGaAs, and contribute to the formation of the Q2DEG. We calculate the electronic states of this structure, the Q2DEG and the bulk concentrations, and the corresponding mobilities as a function of temperature. Our numerical results are in an excellent agreement with experimental data.

Forty patients with multiple myeloma received thiotepa (750 mg/m2), busulfan (10 mg/kg), and cyclophosphamide (120 mg/kg) (TBC) followed by autologous bone marrow or blood stem cell support. Granulocyte-Colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) was administered to accelerate hematopoietic recovery. Sixty-five percent of all patients responded to this treatment. Eighty-eight percent of patients transplanted in partial remission had a further reduction of the myeloma and 53% achieved a complete remission. Forty-eight percent of patients with refractory myeloma responded. All responding patients transplanted during partial remission or with primary refractory myeloma remain free of progression for a period of 4 to 24 months posttransplant, but the remission duration of patients treated in refractory relapse was short (4 months). Five of 24 patients transplanted with marrow and none of 16 receiving blood stem cells died of treatment-related complications. Use of blood stem cells resulted in more rapid granulocyte and platelet recovery. We conclude that TBC is an effective, relatively well tolerated, preparative regimen for patients with multiple myeloma. © 1993 by The American Society of Hematology.

Objective: To evaluate the activity of 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine (2CdA) in the treatment of patients with Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia. ■ Design: Uncontrolled phase II trial. ■ Setting: Tertiary, referral cancer center. ■ Patients: Twenty-nine consecutive, symptomatic patients with Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia, of whom 9 were previously untreated. ■ Intervention: 2-Chlorodeoxyadenosine was administered as a continuous intravenous infusion at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg body weight per day for 7 days. Only two courses of 2CdA were given and responding patients were then followed without further treatment. ■ Measurements and Main Results: A total of 17 (59%) patients responded, including all of those who were newly diagnosed and 40% of those who had failed previous therapies. Treatment was well tolerated except for one death in a patient who had presented with severe pancytopenia. With a median follow-up of 7 months, only one responding patient has relapsed. ■ Conclusion: 2-Chlorodeoxyadenosine is a nucleoside analog that was effective in most patients with Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia and was associated with little toxicity.

Sixty-eight patients with Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia were treated either with fludar-abine (28 patients) or 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine (40 patients) and responding patients were followed without further treatment. Both programs were well tolerated and myelosuppression was moderate but reversible. Overall, 35 patients responded including 93% of previously untreated patients, 83% of those relapsing off therapy, 48% of patients with primary refractory disease and 15% of those treated during refractory relapse. With a median follow up of 18 months, only two of 15 previously untreated patients have relapsed whereas the median remission duration and survival of previously treated patients were 38 and 43 months respectively. Fludarabine and 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine are both highly active agents against Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia, especially when administered early in the disease course. © 1993 Informa UK Ltd All rights reserved: reproduction in whole or part not permitted.

The binding of sulphafurazole, sulphamethizole and sulphamethoxazole to bovine serum albumin (BSA) and human plasma has been studied in-vitro by potentiometry using an electrode selective for the ion probe 1-anilino-8-napthalenesulphonate (ANS). The method requires two separate potentiometric titrations of the binder solution with ANS in the absence and in the presence of sulphonamides. ANS displaced sulphonamides from the first-class of binding sites of both binders. The binding constants for sulphonamide-BSA interactions were higher than those for sulphonamide-human plasma. The expansion of the least linear limit of the response curve of the electrode down to 10(-7) M in the presence of BSA was also demonstrated. The reverse reaction, i.e. the displacement of the probe from the binding sites induced by the sulphonamides, was also explored. The proposed method is suitable for studying competitive binding interactions in biological specimens.

Twenty-three consecutive patients with Waldenström macroglobulinemia were studied with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of the spine and computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen and pelvis. MR imaging studies included sagittal T1-weighted and gradient-recalled-echo sequences performed with and without contrast material enhancement. Marrow involvement was identified with MR imaging in 21 of 23 (91%) patients. Diffuse involvement was noted in 13 patients (56%), and a variegated pattern in eight (35%). CT demonstrated enlarged nodes in 10 of 23 (43%) patients. Correlation of MR imaging patterns and presence of adenopathy at CT with standard laboratory values for Waldenström macroglobulinemia revealed an association of the diffuse MR imaging pattern of marrow involvement and the presence of enlarged nodes at CT with more advanced disease. MR imaging of the spine and CT are reliable means of evaluation of disease status in Waldenström macroglobulinemia. They may be employed as additional means in the staging of Waldenström macroglobulinemia and may be helpful in the follow-up of patients with this rare hematologic malignancy.

Χρήση παραπομπής/ When citing: Καμπερίδου, Ειρήνη (1993). Γυναίκες του Αιγαίου. Οι Χιώτισσες την εποχή του Κολόμβου. ΓΡΑΜΜΑ- GRAMMA  Griechische Zeitschrift fur Deutschland und Europa. Attika Press, Frankfurt, ΕΛΛΗΝΙΜΟΣ, τεύχος 4, Ιούνιος 1993, σελ. 42-43. (Google scholar)

Χρήση παραπομπής/ When citing: Καμπερίδου, Ειρήνη (1993). ΕΙΡΗΝΗ: Αρχή και Όραμα του Ανθρώπου. ΓΡΑΜΜΑ-GRAMMA, Griechische Zeitschrift fur Deutschland und Europa. Attika Press, Frankfurt, τεύχος 8, Οκτ.-Νοεμ. 1993: 90—91.

Χρήση παραπομπής/ When citing:Καμπερίδου, Ειρήνη (1993). Ελληνικός Χορός: Όργανο Ενότητας Σώματος και Πνεύματος. ΓΡΑΜΜΑ-GRAMMA, Griechische Zeitschrift fur Deutschland und Europa. Attika Press, Frankfurt, τεύχος 7, Σεπτ. 1993: 30-31.  

Στο άρθρο αυτό διερευνάται η σημασία της παρουσίας και επίκλησης της Ωραίας Ελένης στον „Faust“ του Goethe. Αφού εξετάζεται η ‘προϊστορία’ του μοτίβου – που συνδέεται εξαρχής με την ιστορία του Φάουστ – αναφέρονται οι συνθήκες υπό τις οποίες συμπεριλαμβάνει ο Goethe την μορφή της Ελένης στον δικό του „Faust“. Γίνεται εκτενής ανάλυση της διαδικασίας προσέγγισής της από τον συγγραφέα και της μεταμόρφωσής της: η Ελένη δεν είναι πια όργανο και επίτευγμα του διαβόλου όπως στο μέχρι τότε πλαίσιο του μύθου του Φάουστ, αλλά σύμβολο της αληθινής ουσίας της τέχνης και της υπέρτατης ομορφιάς, σύμβολο της κλασικής αρχαιότητας, επίτευγμα του Φάουστ ως καλλιτέχνη και πνευματικού δημιουργού. Η Ελένη είναι στον „Faust“ του Goethe ποιητική, πνευματική μορφή. Σύμφωνα με τη θέση του Wolfgang Schadewaldt υποστηρίζεται και στο άρθρο η άποψη πως η Ελένη είναι η απαραίτητη προϋπόθεση για να στραφεί ο Φάουστ στη δραστήρια αντιμετώπιση της ζωής στην τέταρτη και πέμπτη πράξη του „Faust ΙΙ“.

Για βιβλιογραφία και παραπομπή/αναφορά/ when citing:Καμπερίδου, Ειρήνη (1993). Η Ελληνοβουδιστική Τέχνη. Έλληνες και Φιλέλληνες. ΓΡΑΜΜΑ-GRAMMA, Griechische Zeitschrift fur Deutschland und Europa. Attika Press, Frankfurt. ΠΟΛΙΤΙΣΜΟΣ, τεύχος 6, Αυγ. 1993, σελ. 48-50.

ΛΕΞΕΙΣ ΚΛΕΙΔΙΑ: Οι πρώτοι επαγγλεματίες μάγειρες, οι πρώτοι Διαιτολόγοι, Μενού- ελληνική εφεύρεση, Φιλόσοφοι και μάγοι της κουζίνας, Συνδικαλισμός, Αγορονομία, κ.ά.Χρήση παραπομπής/ When citing:  Καμπερίδου, Ειρήνη (1993). Η Μαγειρική Τέχνη στην Αρχαία Ελλάδα. Ο Πολιτισμός του Φαγητού. ΓΡΑΜΜΑ-GRAMMA Griechische Zeitschrift fur Deutschland und Europa. Attika Press, Frankfurt, Τεύχος 1, Μάρτιος 1993: 32-35. Google scholar

YEAR 1993. Καμπερίδου, Ειρήνη (1993). Η Μαγειρική Τέχνη στην Αρχαία Ελλάδα. Οι πρώτοι επαγγελματίες μάγειρες, οι πρώτοι διαιτολόγοι, οι φιλόσοφοι και μάγοι της κουζίνας και ο απαραίτητος συνδικαλισμός. O ΚΑΤΑΝΑΛΩΤΗΣ, Δίμηνη ενημερωτική έκδοση του Καταναλωτικού Πιστωτικού Συνεταιρισμού Αθήνας, Ο Καταναλωτής-COOP αριθμός φύλλου: 2, καλοκαίρι 1993, σελ. 15 (και η συνέχεια στο επόμενο τεύχος). [The art of cooking in ancient Greece and the first professional chefs, dieticians and union activists: philosophers and magicians in the kitchen]

Χρήση παραπομπής/ When citing: Καμπερίδου, Ειρήνη (1993). «Ο Ελληνικός Πυρετός» της Αμερικής. Η συμμετοχή των φιλελλήνων στο εθνικο-απελευθερωτικό αγώνα του 1821.  Πολιτισμός ΓΡΑΜΜΑ-GRAMMA Griechische Zeitschrift fur Deutschland und Europa. Attika Press, Frankfurt, τεύχος 2, Απρίλιος 1993, σελ. 38-39

 ΛΕΞΕΙΣ ΚΛΕΙΔΙΑ: ψυχαγωγία και απόλαυση, Χορτοφαγία, θεραπευτικό κουλούρι , κ.ά. Χρήση παραπομπής/ When citing: Καμπερίδου, Ειρήνη (1993). Ο Πολιτισμός του Φαγητού στην Βυζαντινή Αυτοκρατορία: Ψυχαγωγία και Απόλαυση. Εκκλησία και Χορτοφαγία. ΓΡΑΜΜΑ- GRAMMA  Griechische Zeitschrift fur Deutschland und Europa. Attika Press, Frankfurt, τεύχος 2, Απρίλιος 1993: 28-31. Google scholar and uoa scholar

Χρήση παραπομπής/ When citing: Καμπερίδου, Ειρήνη (1993). Συγκλονιστικές Μαρτυρίες στο Ευρωπαϊκό συνέδριο για τις Μετανάστριες: αναγκαστικοί πορνεία και μαζική βιασμοί στις εμπόλεμες περιοχές. ΓΡΑΜΜΑ- GRAMMA Griechische Zeitschrift fur Deutschland und Europa. Attika Press, Frankfurt. ΜΕΤΑΝΑΣΤΕΥΣΗ, τεύχος 4, Ιούνιος 1993, σελ.  48-50.