Publications

We use Monte Carlo simulations in order to study diffusion controlled drug release from matrices consisting of random mixtures of high and low diffusivity areas (random mixing), and from matrices covered by a thin film of low diffusivity (ordered mixing). We compared our results with the Weibull model for drug release and found that it provides an adequate description of the release process in all cases of random mixing and most cases of ordered mixing. We have studied the dependence of the Weibull parameters on the diffusion coefficient and, in most cases, found a rather simple linear dependence. Moreover, our results indicate that a device covered by a thin film with diffusion coefficient three orders of magnitude lower that the coefficient of the rest of the device, will release drug at constant rate for most of the release process. This last result may have considerable practical applications. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

INTRODUCTION: Prediction of soft-tissue outline shape from skeletal remains is useful in forensics and archaeology. The inverse problem, the assessment of underlying skeletal relationships from the external appearance, is pertinent in orthodontics. The purposes of this study were to assess the correlation between craniofacial shape and shape of the soft-tissue profile outline and to determine the extent to which it might be possible to predict the latter from the former. METHODS: Lateral cephalograms from 170 consecutive orthodontic patients were used, and 17 skeletal, 2 dental, and 22 soft-tissue landmarks were digitized and processed by using Procrustes superimposition and principal component analysis. The principal components of the skeletal and soft-tissue shapes were entered into the correlation analysis. RESULTS: Significant correlations were found between the skeletal and the soft-tissue components. The use of 7 anterior skeletal landmarks (not including the nasal bone) resulted in a predictive power (coefficient of determination) of 38% of the variability of soft-tissue shape. This increased to almost 50% by adding nasal and incisor points but showed only a slight further improvement by incorporating posterior skeletal landmarks. CONCLUSIONS: Anterior skeletal and dental landmarks can be used to predict soft-tissue profile shape with a 50% power in children and adolescents.

INTRODUCTION: Soft-tissue facial outline has been studied by conventional cephalometric methods, and differences between the 2 sexes have been identified, mainly related to size and timing of growth. However, shape per se was not sufficiently evaluated, especially regarding variability, age-related changes, and sexual dimorphism. The purpose of this study was to evaluate shape variability and sexual dimorphism of the soft-tissue outline by using morphometric methods. METHODS: Pretreatment lateral cephalograms from 170 consecutive patients (82 male, 88 female) aged 7 to 17 years were used. Fifteen skeletal and 22 soft-tissue landmarks were digitized and processed with Procrustes superimposition and principal component analysis. The principal components (PCs) of the soft-tissue shape were analyzed in relation to age and sex. RESULTS: The first 8 PCs explained approximately 90% of the total shape variability. The first coefficient (PC1) related to lip, nose, and chin prominence and included 36% of total shape variability. It was significantly correlated to age, but with a low coefficient of determination (r2 = 13%). The second coefficient (PC2) related to facial convexity and explained 18% of shape variability. The next 2 coefficients were mainly related to lower lip shape. Statistically significant sexual dimorphism was detected, but the overall shape differences between the average profiles of boys and girls were minor and barely detectable visually. Shape dimorphism was present both before and after the age of 12 years. CONCLUSIONS: Shape variability related mainly to relative lip protrusion, convexity of the face, and lower lip shape. Shape differences between the sexes seemed to exist even before the pubertal growth spurt, but they were small. Age changes in shape appeared more significant.

Bone disease is one of the most debilitating manifestations of multiple myeloma. A complex interdependence exists between myeloma bone disease and tumor growth, creating a vicious circle of extensive bone destruction and myeloma progression. Proteasome inhibitors have recently been shown to promote bone formation in vitro and in vivo. Preclinical studies have demonstrated that proteasome inhibitors, including bortezomib, which is the first-in-class such agent, stimulate osteoblast differentiation while inhibiting osteoclast formation and bone resorption. Clinical studies are confirming these observations. Bortezomib counteracts the abnormal balance of osteoclast regulators (receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand and osteoprotegerin), leading to osteoclast inhibition and decreased bone destruction, as measured by a reduction in markers of bone resorption. In addition, bortezomib stimulates osteoblast function, possibly through the reduction of dickkopf-1, leading to increased bone formation, as indicated by the elevation in bone-specific alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin. The effect of bortezomib on bone disease is thought to be direct and not only a consequence of the agent's antimyeloma properties, making it an attractive agent for further investigation, as it may combine potent antimyeloma activity with beneficial effects on bone. However, the clinical implication of these effects requires prospective studies with specific clinical end points. © 2007 by The American Society of Hematology.

Encouraged by the latest experimental developments as well as by the theoretical interest on the near‐field (NF) optics of semiconductor quantum dots (QDs), we present our most recent theoretical results on the NF optical absorption and photoluminescence (PL) of single and coupled III‐V QDs subjected additionally to an external magnetic field of variable orientation and magnitude. The zero‐magnetic‐field “structural” QD symmetry can be destroyed varying the magnetic field orientation. The asymmetry induced by the magnetic field ‐except for specific orientations along symmetry axes‐ can be uncovered in the near‐field but not in the far‐field spectra. Hence, we predict that NF magnetoabsorption experiments, of realistic spatial resolution, will be in the position to bring to light the QD symmetry.

BACKGROUND: Numerous studies have implicated neurogenesis in the hippocampus in animal models of depression, especially those related to controllability and learned helplessness. Here, we tested the hypothesis that uncontrollable but not controllable stress would reduce cell proliferation in the hippocampus of male and female rats and would relate to the expression of helplessness behavior. METHODS: To manipulate controllability, groups of male and female rats were trained in one session (acute stress) or over seven sessions (repeated stress) to escape a footshock, whereas yoked control subjects could not escape but were exposed to the same amount of stress. Cell proliferation was assessed with immunohistochemistry of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) and immunofluorescence of BrdU and neuronal nuclei (NeuN). Separate groups were exposed to either controllable or uncontrollable stress, and their ability to learn to escape during training on a more difficult task was used as a behavioral measure of helplessness. RESULTS: Acute stress reduced cell proliferation in males but did not affect proliferation in the female hippocampus. When animals were given the opportunity to learn to control the stress over seven days, males produced more cells than the yoked males without control. Repeated training with controllable stress did not influence proliferation in females. Under all conditions, males were more likely than females to express helplessness behavior, even males that were not previously stressed. CONCLUSIONS: The modulation of neurogenesis by controllability was evident in males but not in females, as was the expression of helplessness behavior, despite the fact that men are less likely than women to experience depression.

Previous research has shown that some associative learning tasks prevent the death of new neurons in the adult hippocampus. However, it is unclear whether it is mere exposure to the training stimuli that rescues neurons or whether successful learning of the task is required for enhanced neuronal survival. If learning is the important variable, then animals that learn better given the same amount of training should retain more of the new cells after learning than animals that do not learn as well. Here, we examined the effects of training versus learning on cell survival in the adult hippocampus. Animals were injected with BrdU to label a population of cells and trained one week later on one of two trace conditioning tasks, one of which depends on the hippocampus and one that does not. Increases in cell number occurred only in animals that acquired the learned response, irrespective of the task. There were significant correlations between acquisition and cell number, as well as between asymptotic performance and cell number. These data support the idea that learning and not simply training increases the survival of the new cells in the hippocampus.

AIM: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the activation level of certain protagonist muscles of the upper and lower body during the shot-put with the shot-put performance in skilled athletes. METHODS: Eight experienced right-handed shot-putters, performed the shot-put with the linear technique. They also performed a maximum (1RM) squat and a 1RM incline bench-press strength test. Electromyographic (EMG) signals were recorded from the m. quadriceps vastus lateralis (VL), m. gastrocnemius internus, m. pectoralis major (PEC) and the m. triceps brachii (TRI) of the right side during all efforts. The level of EMG during the shot-put was normalized relatively to that measured during the respective maximum strength test. RESULTS: Shot-put performance was significantly correlated with 1RM squat (r=0.76, P<0.05) and 1RM bench-press (r=0.75, P<0.05) as well as with the average EMG from VL and PEC after taking the power position (r=0.91, P<0.01 and r=0.75, P<0.05, respectively). A close negative relationship was also found between shot-put performance and the time to reach peak activation of right TRI during the explosive strike of the throwing arm (r=-0.70, P<0.05). CONCLUSION: These results suggest that, besides the importance of absolute muscle strength, an important parameter for shot-put performance is the level of activation of the VL and the PEC during the delivery phase. Furthermore, these data suggest that the TRI should be activated fast in order to be an effective contributor to the shot-put performance.

Social capital is a key component in understanding the relationship between European sport governing bodies and civil society. A core concept in sociology, political science, organizational behaviour and business, social capital is relatively new in the context of European sport governance. In exploring the boundaries of both sport and social capital in theory and practice, one can see sport as a form of positive social capital that promotes social cohesion, trust, social ties, etc. However, it could also be perceived as ・・dark・・ social capital since the politics of sport do not always deliver the social benefits they proclaim due to the ・・exclusionary・・ vs. inclusive factors: commercialization, doping, institutionalized gender personification, the leaky pipeline and the glass ceiling in SGBs and in competitive sports. Sport has not yet evolved into a form of social capital which can be nurtured and reproduced to raise social cohesion and eliminate social exclusions.

Social capital is a key component in understanding the relationship between European sport governing bodies and civil society. A core concept in sociology, political science, organizational behaviour and business, social capital is relatively new in the context of European sport governance. In exploring the boundaries of both sport and social capital in theory and practice, one can see sport as a form of positive social capital that promotes social cohesion, trust, social ties, etc. However, it could also be perceived as «dark» socialcapital since the politics of sport do not always deliver the social benefits they proclaim due to the «exclusionary» vs. inclusive factors: commercialization, doping, institutionalized gender personification, the leaky pipeline and the glassceiling in SGBs and in competitive sports. Sport has not yet evolved into a form of social capital which can be nurtured and reproduced to raise social cohesion and eliminate social exclusions.KEY WORDS: sport as social capital, «dark» social capital insports, social capital production/reproduction, gender personificationin sports, leaky pipeline and glass ceiling.

We report the discovery of an optical nova in M31 on four consecutive dithered R filter CCD images (each with 100 sec exposure) obtained on 2007 July 25.92564, 25.92714, 25.92865, 25.93015 with corresponding R magnitudes of 18.1, 18.2, 18.1, 18.1 obtained at the 1.3m f/7.5 telescope at Skinakas Observatory, Crete, Greece, using an Andor DZ436-BV CCD Camera. The position obtained for the nova candidate is RA(2000) = 00 42 43.29 , Dec(2000) = +41 17 44.10 with an accuracy of 0.2".

We report the discovery of an optical nova candidate in M 31 on ten stacked R filter CCD images (each with 60 sec exposure) obtained on 2007 Aug 30.018 with an R magnitude of 17.8 obtained at the 60cm f/8 Ganymed telescope located at Skinakas Observatory, Crete, Greece, using a ST10XME CCD Camera. The object is confirmed on CCD images with the same telescope using a broad H-alpha filter (4*120 s stacked, 17.7 mag) obtained on 2007 Aug 30.029.

We report the discovery of an optical nova candidate in the outer disk of M 31 on nine stacked R filter images (each with 60 sec exposure) and four stacked 12nm H-alpha filter images (each with 120 sec exposure) on 2007 Aug 24.081 and 24.093 with a magnitude of 18.7 in R and 18.1 in H-alpha, respectively. The images were obtained at the 60cm f/3 Ganymed telescope located at Skinakas Observatory, Crete, Greece, using a STL11000M CCD Camera.

We report the discovery of an optical nova in M31 at RA(2000) = 00h 42m 59.49s , Dec(2000) = +41° 15' 06.5" with an accuracy of 0.2". The observations were obtained at the 1.3m Ritchey Chretien f/7.5 telescope at Skinakas Observatory, Crete, Greece, using an Andor DZ436-BV CCD Camera (with a Marconi 2k x 2k chip with 13.5µm sq. pixels). The observations were taken through a Johnson standard R filter (4*100 s stacked) and a broad H- alpha filter (3*300 s stacked).

We report the discovery of a optical nova in M31 on four consecutive dithered R filter CCD images obtained on (2007 July 19.00741, 19.00890, 19.01041, 19.01193, with corresponding R magnitudes of 18.8, 18.7, 18.8, 18.5) obtained at the 1.3m Ritchey Chretien f/7.5 telescope at Skinakas Observatory, Crete, Greece, using an Andor DZ436-BV CCD Camera (with a Marconi 2k x 2k chip with 13.5µm sq. pixels).

The Korringa-Kohn-Rostoker Green-function method for noncollinear magnetic structures was applied on Mn and Cr nanoclusters deposited on the Ni(111) surface. We consider various dimers, trimers, and tetramers. We obtain collinear and noncollinear magnetic solutions, brought about by the competition of antiferromagnetic interactions. It is found that the triangular geometry of the Ni(111) substrate, together with the intracluster antiferromagnetic interactions, is the main cause of the noncollinear states, which are secondarily affected by the cluster-substrate exchange interactions. The stabilization energy of the noncollinear, compared to the collinear, states is calculated to be typically of the order of 100 meV/atom, while multiple local-energy minima are found, corresponding to different noncollinear states, differing typically by 1-10 meV/atom. Open structures exhibit sizable total moments, while compact clusters tend to have very small total moments, resulting from the complex frustration mechanisms in these systems.

Abstract [18156-74-6] C6H12N2Si (MW 140.29) InChI = 1S/C6H12N2Si/c1-9(2,3)8-5-4-7-6-8/h4-6H,1-3H3 InChIKey = YKFRUJSEPGHZFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N (silylating agent for alcohols and 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds; reaction with esters to give imidazolides; preparation of O-trimethylsilyl monothioacetals; aromatization of the A-ring of steroids) Physical Data: bp 93–94 °C/14 mmHg; fp 5 °C; d 0.956 g cm−3. Form Supplied in: liquid. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: flammable. Harmful by inhalation, in contact with skin, and if swallowed. Possible carcinogen. Use in a fume hood. When using, wear protective gear and clothing. Handle and store under N2. Store in a cool dry place.

The nuclear magnetic moment of the ground state of 57 Cu(I? = 3/2-, T1/2 = 196.3 ms) has been measured to be ?(57Cu) = (2.00 ± 0.05) ?N using the ?-NMR technique. Together with the known magnetic moment of the mirror partner 57Ni, the spin expectation value was extracted as ?? ?z? = -0.78 ± 0.13. Discrepancy between present results and shell model calculations in the full fp shell implies significant shell breaking at 56Ni with the neutron number N = 28. © EDP Sciences/Societe? Italiana di Fisica/Springer-Verlag 2007.

Intermediate-energy heavy-ion collisions can produce a spin polarization of the projectile-like species. Spin polarization has been observed for both nucleon removal and nucleon pickup processes. Qualitative agreement with measured spin polarization as a function of the momentum of the projectile-like fragment is found in a kinematic model that considers conservation of linear and angular momentum and assumes peripheral interactions between the fast projectile and target. Better quantitative agreement was reached by including more realistic angular distributions and deorientation caused by ?-ray emission and by correcting for the out-of-plane acceptance. The newly introduced corrections were found to apply to both nucleon removal and nucleon pickup processes. © 2007 The American Physical Society.

Intermediate-energy heavy-ion collisions can produce a spin polarization of the projectile-like species. Spin polarization has been observed for both nucleon removal and nucleon pickup processes. Qualitative agreement with measured spin polarization as a function of the momentum of the projectile-like fragment is found in a kinematical model that considers conservation of linear and angular momentum and assumes peripheral interactions between the fast projectile and target. Improvements to the kinematical model are discussed that aim to achieve quantitative agreement with spin polarization data from both the nucleon removal and pickup processes. © 2007 American Institute of Physics.

An investigation of the optical properties of Si-rich silicon nitride films prepared by low pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) from dichlorosilane (SiH2Cl2, DCS) and ammonia (NH3) mixtures has been performed. From TEM analysis, it was found that the excess Si forms nanocrystals the size of which depends on the temperature. The real and the imaginary part of the refractive index of the films were calculated using spectroscopic ellipsometry by fitting the ellipsometric data in the range 1000-250 nm using the Tauc-Lorentz model. It was found that the optical constants of the films mainly depend on their chemical composition which can be controlled by the DCS/NH3 flow ratio. Annealing at temperatures up to 1100 °C for 4 h does not considerably affect the refractive index of the films. Depending on their stoichiometry and the annealing conditions applied after growth, some of the films emitted light in the visible at room temperature. This was attributed to the quantum confinement of carriers in the Si nanocrystals contained in the films. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

We report the discovery of a possible nova in M31 on four consecutive dithered stacked R filter CCD images, obtained on 2007 September 02.09, with the 1.3m Ritchey Chretien f/7.5 telescope at Skinakas Observatory, Crete, Greece, using an Andor DZ436-BV CCD Camera (with a Marconi 2k x 2k chip with 13.5µm sq. pixels). The R magnitude of the object was 18.1. On 2007 September 03.09, the object was again detected with the same instrument setup, with an R magnitude of 18.2.

Standardized allergen extracts are needed for diagnosis and therapy purposes. For grapes, standardization is hampered by low protein and high tannin and pectin concentrations. The aim of the current study was to develop an optimized method for the extraction of grape proteins and possibly extend this to other fruits. Several existing or modified extraction methods were compared by means of protein concentration determination, SDS-PAGE, immunoblotting and radioallergosorbent test (RAST). An optimized extraction protocol was obtained in which we combined a high concentration of plant tissue, a concentrated, enriched and neutral buffer able to remove sugars and keep proteins soluble and a bivalent buffer for pectin removal. Both the quantitative (protein concentration) and qualitative parameters (SDS-PAGE protein patterns and IgE reactivity) were compared to standard protocols and commercial extracts used as diagnostic tools in the clinical practice. This method proved to be the most efficient mainly compared to the standard Björksten protocol in extracting the low molecular weight proteins, including the major grape allergen (lipid transfer protein, Vit v 1). It proved to be an easy, low cost and reproducible method proposed to prepare grape extracts that could replace the commercially available ones, used for diagnosis and possibly extend the method to other fruits especially in extracting LTPs.

The aim of this study was the outcome of Fowler-Stephens (FS) operations in prepubertal Wistar rats. Thirty-two 30-day-old rats underwent laparoscopic FS procedures on the right testicles (8 of them formed the control group). Nine, 30, 70, and 90 days later we assessed the testes histologically and determined inhibin betaB serum concentrations; 1 day earlier, ultrasonography was also performed. Decreases in central testicular vascularity and heterogeneous parenchymal echogenicity were the initial sonographic evidence of testicular damage, which either regressed in time or extended toward the periphery. Early degenerative changes either remained mild and restricted in the germinative epithelium or became more severe, affecting additional structures. Decreases in the seminiferous tubule area, thickening of the tunica albuginea, and increases in the number of mast cells were changes that reached significance. Significant decreases in the amount of serum inhibin betaB were also found, and the decreases correlated significantly with both the thickening of the tunica albuginea and the increases in the number of mast cells but not with the decreases in the seminiferous tubule area. Division of the spermatic vessels caused severe testicular degeneration as evidenced by changes in ultrasonographic and histologic features combined with drops in the levels of serum inhibin betaB.

{Our study examined if dietary long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) have an impact on oxidative stress in preterm infants. Serum malonyldialdehyde (MDA), total peroxide concentrations, and total antioxidant capacity were determined at mean (standard deviation [SD]) 34.7 (10.9) days of life in 104 healthy preterm infants (gestational age, 32.6 [2.9] weeks; birthweight; 1605 [285] g) who were randomly assigned to be fed since birth either a formula containing LCPUFA (arachidonic and docosahexaenoic) (group A

 

Saint John Chrysostom is an eminent ecumenical teacher of Christianity. Modern research displays undiminished interest in his pedagogic techniques. John Chrysostom considers the in-structive sufficiency of memory as a crucial element of his ped-agogic interventions. He always intends to incise the content of his preachings on the memory of the congregation. According to his teachings, the use of memory for educational purposes reduces to divine initiative and human goodwill. Saint John is a shepherd, focused on his human flock and their human lives. The mnemonic impressions he uses in his speeches are de-rived from life itself: universal memories, arisen by the existen-tial background, related with the “ἀρχέγονο κάλλος” of the soul, the beauty which was lost, as well as Paradise, because of the original sin. Saint John tries to keep the memory of God alive and endeavours to unmask death in the oblivious pathways of human mind. He is a reminiscent of the lost sight of Angels and the holy lives of Saints. As a shepherd of souls, he is persis-tent to reveal the devil and his traps and lead his flock towards a constant reference to the “neighbour”, who must be loved as oneself, so that the eschatological memory of the Final Crisis could produce a realistic impact in society. His pedagogic ob-jective is not exhausted in a “gnoseological” level, or in other words, in a plain memorization of all kinds of information, such as biblical topics, and their interpretations, opinions of other Fathers, historical events, environmental aspects, socio-econo-mic phenomenons, customs, properties of ancient Greek, as well as universal Mythology, Philosophy, Technology and Sci-ence. Neither was his preaching limited to a practical level, such as the acceptance and conceptualization of moral and dogmatic lessons. John Chrysostom proves to be a great developer of experien-tial memory and a perceptive master of its exploitation in the fields of moral conscience. Being aware of the important role that memory plays in the process of learning, and particularly in Christian catechesis, he devises and applies various mnemonic techniques so as to expand and improve the mnemonic ability of the congregation. His erudition and scholarship support his immanent pedagogic talent. In his works, ancient-Greek and Jewish-Christian tradition in teaching methods are exploited in a most brilliant way. Mnemonic or “Mnemotechnia” renders the processes and techniques which lead to growth, expansion and strengthening of memorization and recollection skills. For Saint John “mne-motechnia” is a procedure, which is activated before the preach-ing and lasts long after the end of it. Chrysostomic speech is full of inventive and charming subterfuges, which maintain the in-terest and attention of the listener undiminished. There is no doubt that this kind of mnemonic amplifies the theological knowledge of the audience.· however, in this book, “mne-motechnia” is evaluated as a reinforcing operation which aims to the renovating prospect of preaching. Chrysostomic speech, beyond the authentic messages that conveys, accomplishes to “capture” the listener via “trapping” the memory of his moral conscience. Saint John knows how to develop mnemonically his peda-gogic methods, relatively with a) the suitable preparation of the congregation, so as to be ready and eager to listen and accept the preaching, b) the suitable space and time (or even the fre-quency) and, above all, the most competent dexterities in con-veying and adopting the messages of God. Thus, Chrysostom, through his works proposes to the potential lecturer or preacher the model of rational delimitation and instructive presentation of the preaching materials, as well as, the organization of teach-ing, the clarity of the messages and last but not least the “moth-er of learning”: repetition. To the listeners, Chrysostom recom-mends the regular and systematic follow-up of preaching, to-gether with certain practical sense-kinetic techniques, as well as concentration and prayer.Speaking is an art, which, when it is truly charismatic, can create strong feelings and emotions of admiration and joy. Chrysostom establishes his mnemonic methods on audibility and visualization. In other words, the visual pedagogic models function mainly in acoustic and facial level. The acoustic mne-monic techniques include semasiological and echo-instrumental forms of speaking. Visual mnemonic techniques presuppose vividness in speaking, combined with a vast number of figura-tive examples (visual models).

The Messinian pre-evaporitic sedimentary succession of Gavdos Island (Metochia section) is a nearly uninterrupted succession of marine sediments, dominated by finely laminated diatomaceous marls, which are cyclically alternating with clayey diatomites and white diatomites. The qualitative and quantitative analysis of the planktonic foraminiferal fauna allowed the recognition of nine bioevents, which have been astronomically dated for the Mediterranean. The base of the diatomitic succession in Gavdos Island is dated at 6.722Ma and the top at 6.015Ma. The studied section contains benthic foraminiferal genera characteristic of an outer shelf to slope environment. The qualitative and quantitative analysis of this microfauna revealed three benthic foraminiferal fossil assemblages and the occurrence of allochthonous species transported into the bathyal environment by current activity. The cyclical pattern of the benthic foraminifera assemblages indicates that the studied sediments have been affected by repeated episodes of basin restriction characterized by low diversity benthic foraminifera populations, and a limited planktonic foraminifer association typified by shallow, surface-dwelling forms. This restriction was partly due to Antarctic cooling, which produced palaeo-Mediterranean sea-level oscillations during the Early Messinian, as a prelude to closure of the Atlantic connections. The relative impact of climatic versus tectonic control on sedimentation patterns within this basin is discussed. Résumé Les sédiments marins du Messinien pré-évaporitique de l’île de Gavdos (coupe de Metochia) sont quasi continus et dominés par des marnes diatomitiques finement laminées alternant de façon cyclique avec des diatomites argileuses et des diatomites blanches. L’analyse qualitative et quantitative de la faune de foraminifères planctoniques a permis la mise en évidence de neuf événements biologiques qui ont été datés par l’astrochronologie à l’échelle de la Méditerranée. La base de la succession diatomitique de l’île de Gavdos date de 6,722Ma et son sommet de 6,015Ma. La coupe contient des genres de foraminifères benthiques caractéristiques d’un environnement allant de la plate-forme externe au talus. L’analyse qualitative et quantitative de cette microfaune révèle trois assemblages de foraminifères benthiques et la présence d’espèces allochtones apportées dans le domaine bathyal par l’activité des courants. Le caractère cyclique des assemblages de foraminifères benthiques indique que ces sédiments ont été affectés par des épisodes répétés de confinement du bassin caractérisés par la faible diversité des populations de foraminifères benthiques et une association restreinte de foraminifères planctoniques marquée par des formes affectionnant les habitats de surface dans des eaux de faible profondeur. Ce confinement était en partie dû au refroidissement antarctique qui entraîna des oscillations du niveau marin de la Méditerranée pendant le Messinien inférieur en prélude à la fermeture des corridors de connexion avec l’océan Atlantique. Les impacts relatifs des forçages du climat et de la tectonique sur les processus sédimentaires dans ce bassin sont discutés.

Cerebral white matter lesions (WML) are present in more than 50% of patients with osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH). Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) gene product is a detoxifying and pesticide metabolizing enzyme. Genetic variants of the PON1 gene have been found to influence the occurrence and progression of WML. We examined whether two PON1 polymorphisms (M55L and R192Q) are associated with ONFH and influence the occurrence of WML. We studied 104 patients with ONFH and 113 healthy age- and sex-matched subjects. We used logistic regression models to examine associations and survival analyses (Cox proportional hazards models) to examine possible influence of alleles on age at onset of ONFH. We found no association of PON1 M55L alleles and genotypes with ONFH. The distribution of PON1 Q192R alleles (p = 0.001) and genotypes (QQ vs. QR/RR) (p = 0.004) were statistically different between controls and patients. Patients with QQ genotype had six times higher risk for WML at brain MRI (adjusted OR 5.95; 95% CI 1.30-27.03; p = 0.02). In Cox models, there was a significant association of allele Q with risk for ONFH indicating a possible dose effect (HR = 1.43; 95%CI = 1.04-1.97; p for trend = 0.03). We conclude that individuals with PON1 192QQ genotype may have increased risk for ONFH and WMLeOn.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are considered as an effective treatment of postoperative pain after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. COX-2 inhibitors are newer drugs having less adverse effects. Data supporting their efficacy postoperatively in comparison to older non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are scarce. Our study is a prospective, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial comparing the efficacy of lornoxicam vs. parecoxib for the management of pain after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We enrolled 76 patients, ASA I and II, scheduled for elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The patients were randomized to receive before induction parecoxib 40 mg i.v., lornoxicam 8 mg i.v. or placebo. Pain at rest and on movement was assessed using a visual analogue scale at 0, 6, 12 h postoperatively. Total meperidine consumption and adverse effects were also recorded. RESULTS: At 12 h, visual analogue scale scores at rest and on movement were significantly lower with parecoxib and lornoxicam compared with control ( P = 0.047). The percentage of patients needing meperidine and the average dose of meperidine administered was significantly lower with parecoxib and lornoxicam compared with control (P < 0.001 and P = 0.018). There was no difference between parecoxib and lornoxicam. One patient receiving lornoxicam vomited. CONCLUSIONS: Parecoxib 40 mg i.v. and lornoxicam 8 mg i.v. were equianalgesic and both were more efficacious than placebo for the management of pain after laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

BACKGROUND AND AIM OF THE STUDY: Prosthetic heart valve dysfunction impacts on morbidity and quality of life. Although the diagnosis can be made by imaging studies, clinical symptoms commonly precede the diagnostic work-up. The ThromboCheck device analyzes the sound frequency spectra of valve motion, and alterations due to valve dysfunction are observed before overt clinical symptoms develop. The study aim was to determine if the ThromboCheck can be used to monitor the prosthetic valve function of patients at home. METHODS: Between 2003 and 2007, a total of 541 prosthetic heart valve recipients was prospectively enrolled into a double-blind, multi-center study. ThromboCheck devices were used to evaluate the sound frequency phenomena of valve motion. If the sound frequency spectra deviated from baseline, alarm signals were returned to the medical center via telephone, and these prompted evaluation by fluoroscopy and echocardiography. The clinical follow up included questionnaires at regular intervals. RESULTS: The cumulative observation period exceeded 748 patient-years, with a median follow up of 25.2 months per patient (range: 1 to 36 months). Almost all patients used the device at least two to three times per week to evaluate valve function, and the vast majority found it easy to operate. About 135,000 codes were returned to the study centers for further analysis; of these codes, 30 (0.0002%) were alarm signals. On 29 of the 30 occasions, prosthetic valve dysfunction was confirmed by fluoroscopy and echocardiography, yielding positive predictive values and specificities of 97% and 100%, respectively. There was no clinical event in the absence of a ThromboCheck alarm signal. Thrombolysis or increased warfarin-based anticoagulation quickly restored the initial sound frequency spectrum of the prosthetic valve in 16 patients. Another 13 patients were surgically revised; their prosthetic valves revealed significant thrombi upon replacement. By using the ThromboCheck device as part of a surveillance system, 79% of the patients felt safer with regards to prosthetic valve dysfunction. CONCLUSION: Analysis of sound frequency spectra by the ThromboCheck identified prosthetic heart valve dysfunction before clinical symptoms developed, and promoted early therapy. The restoration of valve function normalized the frequency spectra, which may be utilized to guide treatment. These results justify further efforts to introduce the analysis of sound phenomena into routine clinical care after prosthetic valve implantation.

Muscle differentiation requires the transition from motile myoblasts to sessile myotubes and the assembly of a highly regular contractile apparatus. This striking cytoskeletal remodelling is coordinated with a transformation of focal adhesion-like cell-matrix contacts into costameres. To assess mechanisms underlying this differentiation process, we searched for muscle specific-binding partners of paxillin. We identified an interaction of paxillin with the vinexin adaptor protein family member ponsin in nascent costameres during muscle differentiation, which is mediated by an interaction of the second src homology domain 3 (SH3) domain of ponsin with the proline-rich region of paxillin. To understand the molecular basis of this interaction, we determined the structure of this SH3 domain at 0.83 A resolution, as well as its complex with the paxillin binding peptide at 1.63 A resolution. Upon binding, the paxillin peptide adopts a polyproline-II helix conformation in the complex. Contrary to the charged SH3 binding interface, the peptide contains only non-polar residues and for the first time such an interaction was observed structurally in SH3 domains. Fluorescence titration confirmed the ponsin/paxillin interaction, characterising it further by a weak binding affinity. Transfection experiments revealed further characteristics of ponsin functions in muscle cells: All three SH3 domains in the C terminus of ponsin appeared to synergise in targeting the protein to force-transducing structures. The overexpression of ponsin resulted in altered muscle cell-matrix contact morphology, suggesting its involvement in the establishment of mature costameres. Further evidence for the role of ponsin in the maintenance of mature mechanotransduction sites in cardiomyocytes comes from the observation that ponsin expression was down-regulated in end-stage failing hearts, and that this effect was reverted upon mechanical unloading. These results provide new insights in how low affinity protein-protein interactions may contribute to a fine tuning of cytoskeletal remodelling processes during muscle differentiation and in adult cardiomyocytes.

The gut hormone peptide YY 3-36 [PYY (3-36)] has been suggested to posses anorexigenic actions in animals and human adults. However, its circulating concentrations and function have not been studied in neonates. Serum concentrations of PYY (3-36) were determined by RIA (RIA) in 62 healthy preterm infants [mean(SD) gestational age, 32.0(2.1) weeks; postnatal age, 40.9(14.8 d)] and 15 healthy fullterm infants of comparable postnatal age and gender. The correlations between PYY (3-36) levels and anthropometric characteristics, food intake, growth rates and circulating concentrations of total PYY, ghrelin, leptin, insulin and adiponectin were examined. Mean (SD) PYY (3-36) concentrations were higher in preterm [543.7(157.6) ng/L) than full term infants [350.9(114.1) ng/L; p < 0.001) and accounted for 48% and 42% of total PYY basal plasma immunoreactivity in preterm and full term infants, respectively. In multiple regression analysis, PYY (3-36) concentrations correlated negatively with the infants’ BMI and positively with serum ghrelin concentrations, but not with caloric intake, weight gain or concentrations of any other hormone studied. In conclusion, PYY (3-36) represents almost half of total PYY immunoreactivity in neonates. It’s correlations with ghrelin and BMI suggest a role of this peptide in the regulation of energy homeostasis; however, its specific functions and physiologic significance in neonates remain to be elucidated.

We report an electron-spin-resonance (ESR) study of stoichiometric La1-x Cax Mn O3 for 0

Square planar neutral dimethyl and cationic allyl complexes of palladium with the electronically nonsymmetric diphenylphosphinomethyl- and pyridyl-N-heterocyclic carbene ligands have been synthesized and characterized. The products from the protonation of the dimethyl complexes with 1 equiv of acid at low temperatures are monomethyl cations, the exact nature of which is dependent on the type of ligand; in pyridine-carbene complexes the Pd-Me bond cleaved is trans to the carbene, while for the phosphino-carbene complexes it is trans to the phosphine. Density functional calculations suggest that protonation in these complexes occurs directly at the methyl ligands and that the site of protonation determines the selectivity of Pd-Me cleavage. For the pyridine-carbene complexes there is a clear preference for protonation trans to the carbene. For phosphino-carbene complexes, however, the site of protonation depends on the steric bulk of the N-heterocyclic carbene ligand. Protonation trans to carbene is favored with small substituents (H, Me), but the bulky 2,6-Pri2C6H3 susbstituent induces protonation trans to the phosphine, as is seen experimentally. © 2007 American Chemical Society.

Phospholamban (PLN) is a key regulator of Ca(2+) homeostasis and contractility in the heart. Its regulatory effects are mediated through its interaction with the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase, (SERCA2a), resulting in alterations of its Ca(2+)-affinity. To identify additional proteins that may interact with PLN, we used the yeast-two-hybrid system to screen an adult human cardiac cDNA library. HS-1 associated protein X-1 (HAX-1) was identified as a PLN-binding partner. The minimal binding regions were mapped to amino acid residues 203-245 for HAX-1 and residues 16-22 for PLN. The interaction between the two proteins was confirmed using GST-HAX-1, bound to the glutathione-matrix, which specifically adsorbed native PLN from human or mouse cardiac homogenates, while in reciprocal binding studies, recombinant His-HAX-1 bound GST-PLN. Kinetic studies using surface plasmon resonance yielded a K(D) of approximately 1 muM as the binding affinity for the PLN/HAX-1 complex. Phosphorylation of PLN by cAMP-dependent protein kinase reduced binding to HAX-1, while increasing concentrations of Ca(2+) diminished the PLN/HAX-1 interaction in a dose-dependent manner. HAX-1 concentrated to mitochondria, but upon transient co-transfection of HEK 293 cells with PLN, HAX-1 redistributed and co-localized with PLN at the endoplasmic reticulum. Analysis of the anti-apoptotic function of HAX-1 revealed that the presence of PLN enhanced the HAX-1 protective effects from hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced cell death. These findings suggest a possible link between the Ca(2+) handling by the sarcoplasmic reticulum and cell survival mediated by the PLN/HAX-1 interaction.

Two polyamine copper(II) compounds of spermine analogues: Cu[H2N(CH2)3NH (CH2)2NH(CH2)3NH2] (ClO4)2 (abbreviated as Spc323) and Cu[H2N(CH2)3NH (CH2)3NH(CH2)3NH2] (ClO4)2 (abbreviated as Spc333) have been synthesized and characterized by spectroscopic methods. The electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and photoacoustic spectroscopies have been used for studying CU2+ d-d transitions. The EPR spectra of copper(II) ions in both complexes have displayed a different crystal field symmetry: orthorhombic for Spc323 complex, and axial, with the hyperfine interaction, for Spc333 complex. In the visible region of electromagnetic radiation the photoacoustic absorptions from the d-d electron transitions with different energies and linewidths have been observed. Comparison of the obtained results is made with previous measurements on similar spermine compounds. © 2007 Advanced Study Center Co. Ltd.

A quantitative analysis of coccolithophores, planktonic foraminifera and pollen assemblages was carried out on core NS-14 (SE Aegean Sea), recovered in the Western Kos Basin. Eleven coccolithophore (ACE1-11) and ten planktonic foraminifera (APFE1-10) ecozones have been recognized during the last 14 000 yrs using calcareous nannofossil and planktonic foraminifera abundances. Additionally eight pollen assemblage zones (PAZ1-8) have been recognised. The established high resolution ecozonal scheme allows a detailed paleoecological reconstruction for the Holocene archive in the SE Aegean Sea, defining two warm and humid phases (9300-8600 yr cal BP and 7600-6400 yr cal BP) associated with the deposition of S1 and a third one between 5200-4200 yr cal BP. 

A quantitative analysis of coccolithophores, planktonic foraminifera and pollen assemblages was carried out on core NS-14 (SE Aegean Sea), recovered in the Western Kos Basin. Eleven coccolithophore (ACE1-11) and ten planktonic foraminifera (APFE1-10) ecozones have been recognized during the last 14 000 yrs using calcareous nannofossil and planktonic foraminifera abundances. Additionally eight pollen assemblage zones (PAZ1-8) have been recognised. The established high resolution ecozonal scheme allows a detailed paleoecological reconstruction for the Holocene archive in the SE Aegean Sea, defining two warm and humid phases (9300-8600 yr cal BP and 7600-6400 yr cal BP) associated with the deposition of S1 and a third one between 5200-4200 yr cal BP. 

The aim of our study is to describe the prevalence of the different HPV types in women with pre-neoplastic lesions of the cervix in Greece. Cervical scrapes from 841 women were obtained for both cytological evaluation and analysis for the presence of HPV DNA. PCR was performed on specimens from these 841 women. The Pap test results were normal or showed benign cellular changes in 45.8% of the women, atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) in 23.2%, low-grade squamous intra-epithelial lesion (LSIL) in 27.9% and high-grade squamous intra-epithelial lesion (HSIL) in 3.1%. HPV DNA was demonstrated in 23.6% of cytologically normal women. We detected HPV in 60% of the total samples. Of these, HPV-16 was the most common HPV DNA detected. Interestingly, HPV-58 was inversely correlated with positive cytological findings. A clear pattern of decreasing prevalence of HPV with age was also observed. Our results indicate that HPV infections, especially those with HPV-16, represent a significant public health concern in Greece

We report the discovery of a possible nova in M31 on four consecutive dithered R filter CCD images obtained on (2007 July 05.04813, 05.04966, 05.05122, 05.05278, with corresponding R magnitudes of 16.7, 16.6, 16.6, 16.6) obtained at the 1.3m Ritchey Chretien f/7.5 telescope at Skinakas Observatory, Crete, Greece, using the Roper CCD Camera (with a SITE 1k x 1k chip with 24µm sq. pixels). The position obtained for the nova candidate is RA(2000) = 00h 43m 04.05s, Dec(2000) = +41° 17' 08.3" with an accuracy of 0.1".

Sárvíz Valley is approximately 100km long, situated SW from capital of Hungary (Budapest). The total examined area of the valley is 60561.85ha. The soil cover is very mosaic, but the larger spots belong to Chernozems. We prepared the soil map of the valley, based on former soil maps, core samplings and aerial photographs. Based on the soil map we prepared the erosion map on the territory of the Sárvíz Valley Small Region Association. Erosion modeling was done by the USLE (Universal Soil Loss Equation) model. We marked areas where different amount of special attention and soil protection measures are needed. One of the basic aims of this study is the application of soil mapping and modeling for the calculation of erosion. With the help of these tools we are able to outline the areas which, as far as erosion is concerned, are in need of protection, as well as the less useful areas for agricultural production.

Purpose: Alkylating agents and the anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody rituximab are among appropriate choices for the primary treatment of symptomatic patients with Waldenström macroglobulinemia (WM), and they induce at least a partial response in 30% to 50% of patients. To improve these results, we designed a phase II study that included previously untreated symptomatic patients with WM who received a combination of dexamethasone, rituximab, and cyclophosphamide (DRC). Patients and Methods: Seventy-two patients were treated with dexamethasone 20 mg intravenously followed by rituximab 375 mg/m2 intravenously on day 1 and cyclophosphamide 100 mg/m2 orally bid on days 1 to 5 (total dose, 1,000 mg/m2). This regimen was repeated every 21 days for 6 months. Patients' median age was 69 years and many had features of advanced disease such as anemia (57%), hypoalbuminemia (40%), and elevated serum beta2-microglobulin (43%). Results: On an intent-to-treat basis, 83% of patients (95% CI, 73% to 91 %) achieved a response, including 7% complete, 67% partial, and 9% minor responses. The median time to response was 4.1 months. The 2-year progression-free survival rate for all patients was 67%; for patients who responded to DRC, it was 80%. The 2-year disease-specific survival rate was 90%. Treatment with DRC was well tolerated, with 9% of patients experiencing grade 3 or 4 neutropenia and approximately 20% of patients experiencing some form of toxicity related to rituximab. Conclusion: Our large, multicenter trial showed that the non-stem-cell toxic DRC regimen is an active, well-tolerated treatment for symptomatic patients with WM. © 2007 by American Society of Clinical Oncology.

The optical response of finite slabs of polar materials, containing two- and three-dimensional periodic structures of air cavities, is studied by means of accurate numerical calculations using the layer-multiple-scattering method. Our results reveal the existence of strong resonant modes, originating from the excitation of flat-surface and cavity phonon-polaritons, which may be useful in terahertz applications.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The decreased synthesis of nitric oxide (NO) during ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) has been implicated as the major underlying mechanism for the pathogenesis of acute ischaemic colitis (A.I.C.). The aim of this study was to investigate the prophylactic effect of L-arginine, a NO donor, on tissue injury during intestinal I/R, and compare its efficacy with that of exogenous vasodilators (molsidomine) and inert nitrogen-containing molecules (casein). MATERIAL AND METHODS: One hundred forty four Wistar rats underwent occlusion of the superior mesentery artery for 30, 60 and 90 min for induction of intestinal ischaemia, followed by 90 min of reperfusion. The rats were randomly assigned to receive L-arginine, molsidomine, or casein hydrolysate. In all groups, apart of the histological study, we determined the levels of serum malondialdehyde (MDA), a reliable marker indicating the degree of the tissue damage after intestinal I/R. RESULTS: Serum MDA levels were significantly lower in the L-arginine group compared to the untreated animals or those that had received molsidomine or casein, after a period of ischaemia of 90 minutes (p < 0.0005), as well as after a period of ischaemia of 60 or 90 minutes followed by a 90 minutes reperfusion (p = 0.011, and p < 0.0005, respectively). In addition, lesser histopathological damage was noted after the use of L-arginine compared to that caused by the administration of molsidomine and casein. CONCLUSION: These findings support a prophylactic effect of L-arginine in experimentally induced intestinal ischaemia. In short, L-arginine attenuates the degree of tissue damage in intestinal ischaemia and promotes healing of intestinal mucosa.

There are limited data regarding the long term follow up after thalidomide based regimen and the outcome of patients when they progress and they receive further treatment. We reassessed our original series of 43 patients with previously treated multiple myeloma who had received a pulsed cyclophosphamide, thalidomide, dexamethasone (CTD) regimen. Among the 43 patients, 14 did not respond to pulsed CTD and 29 (67%) achieved at least a partial response. The median PFS for all patients was 10 months. After a median follow up of 24 months (range 1-62), the 3 year PFS is 14% and 3 patients remain off treatment and without progression for 55+, 55+ and 56+ months respectively. Moreover, 28% of patients who progressed after CTD achieved a partial response after subsequent treatment which included thalidomide, bortezomib or lenalidomide. The median PFS of these patients was 5 months and the 1 year PFS was 20%. Furthermore, 31% of patients who had responded to CTD and then progressed (CTD sensitive) responded to subsequent treatment. We conclude that some patients enjoy long responses after CTD and that several patients who progress after CTD may respond to treatment with a novel agent-based regimen.

We investigate how a supplier can use a quantity discount schedule to influence the stocking decisions of a downstream buyer that faces a single period of stochastic demand. In contrast to much of the work that has been done on single-period supply contracts, we assume that there are no interactions between the supplier and the buyer after demand information is revealed and that the buyer has better information about the distribution of demand than does the supplier. We characterize the structure of the optimal discount schedule for both all-unit and incremental discounts and show that the supplier can earn larger profits with an all-unit discount.

Radial velocity measurements and sine-curve fits to the orbital radial velocity variations are presented for 10 close binary systems: OO Aql, CC Com, V345 Gem, XY Leo, AM Leo, V1010 Oph, V2612 Oph, XX Sex, W UMa, and XY UMa. Most of these binaries have been observed spectroscopically before, but our data are of higher quality and consistency than in the previous studies. While most of the studied eclipsing pairs are contact binaries, V1010 Oph is probably a detached or semidetached double-lined binary, and XY UMa is a detached, chromospherically active system whose broadening functions clearly show well-defined and localized dark spots on the primary component. A particularly interesting case is XY Leo, which is a member of visually unresolved quadruple system composed of a contact binary and a detached, noneclipsing, active binary with an 0.805 day orbital period. V345 Gem and AM Leo are known members of visual binaries. We found faint visual companions at about 2"-3" from XX Sex and XY UMa. Based on data obtained at the David Dunlap Observatory, University of Toronto.

PURPOSE: To determine whether an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, such as donepezil, would improve memory or other cognitive/psychological functions in epilepsy patients with subjective memory complaints. METHODS: Twenty-three epilepsy patients with subjective memory difficulty were randomized to either 3 months of donepezil (10 mg/day) or 3 months of placebo treatment, and then crossed over to the other treatment arm. Patients and physicians were blinded to treatment phase throughout data acquisition. Assessment of memory and other cognitive functions, subjective memory, mood, and self-rated quality of life (QOL) and social functioning was performed at baseline and following completion of both treatment phases. Seizure frequency and severity as well as treatment emergent adverse effects were also monitored. RESULTS: Donepezil treatment was not associated with improvement in memory or other cognitive functions, mood, social functioning or QOL. Comparable increases in self-rated memory functioning relative to baseline were evident during donepezil and placebo phases. Donepezil treatment was not associated with increased seizure frequency or severity. Similar to group results, analysis of change within individual patients as a function of treatment phase also showed neither significant benefit nor detriment associated with donepezil. CONCLUSION: This study found no benefit on memory or other cognitive/psychological functions in a heterogeneous group of epilepsy patients with subjective memory difficulty. Further investigation would be required to determine whether individual patients, or those with particular epilepsy syndromes, might benefit from donepezil or other acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, or if a higher dosage might be effective.

IgE-mediated allergy to fish is a frequent cause of severe anaphylactic reactions. Parvalbumin, a small calcium-binding protein, is the major fish allergen. We have recently isolated a cDNA coding for carp parvalbumin, Cyp c 1, and expressed in Escherichia coli a recombinant Cyp c 1 molecule, which contained most IgE epitopes of saltwater and freshwater fish. In this study, we introduced mutations into the calcium-binding domains of carp parvalbumin by site-directed mutagenesis and produced in E. coli three parvalbumin mutants containing amino acid exchanges either in one (single mutants; Mut-CD and Mut-EF) or in both of the calcium-binding sites (double mutant; Mut-CD/EF). Circular dichroism analyses of the purified derivatives and the wild-type allergen showed that Mut-CD/EF exhibited the greatest reduction of overall protein fold. Dot blot assays and immunoblot inhibition experiments performed with sera from 21 fish-allergic patients showed that Mut-CD/EF had a 95% reduced IgE reactivity and represented the derivative with the least allergenic activity. The latter was confirmed by in vitro basophil histamine release assays and in vivo skin prick testing. The potential applicability for immunotherapy of Mut-CD/EF was demonstrated by the fact that mouse IgG Abs could be raised by immunization with the mutated molecule, which cross-reacted with parvalbumins from various fish species and inhibited the binding of fish-allergic patients' IgE to the wild-type allergen. Using the hypoallergenic carp parvalbumin mutant Mut-CD/EF, it may be possible to treat fish allergy by immunotherapy.

The scattering properties for both TE and TM modes of an abruptly ended two-layered slab waveguide with anisotropic core and isolated substrate are examined by an improved iteration technique, which is based on the integral equation method with accelerating parameters. The relative dielectric constants of the core for the three Cartesian directions are considered to be different, but cases with isotropic core are also considered. The electric field distribution on the terminal plane and the reflection coefficients of the dominant TE and TM guided modes, as well as the near-field distribution and the far-field radiation pattern, are computed, while numerical results are presented for several cases of the core anisotropy.

Renal failure (RF) is a common and severe complication of patients with multiple myeloma (MM). The purpose of our study was to assess the incidence of RF in a contemporary series of newly diagnosed patients with MM, its association with specific clinical and laboratory features, and its impact on patients' outcome. Over the last decade, 756 newly diagnosed symptomatic patients with MM were included in our database. Renal failure, defined as a serum creatinine ≥mg/dl at the time of diagnosis, was seen in 21% of patients. Multiple parameters were associated with RF, but logistic regression analysis showed that RF was independently associated only with International Staging System and Bence Jones proteinuria. The presence of RF was associated with a trend for higher early death rate but with a similar response to primary therapy. The median survival of patients with RF was 19.5 months versus 40.4 months for patients without RF (p < 0.001). Several variables were associated with impaired survival by univariate analysis. When multivariate analysis was performed the independent variables were poor performance status, thrombocytopenia, advanced age, high LDH and elevated serum β2 microglobulin but not high creatinine. When corrected for stage, renal failure had no impact on survival.

Several epidemiological studies have confirmed the association between viral respiratory infections and wheezing episodes or exacerbations of asthma in childhood. In contrast, whether particular viral infections can be protective or able to initiate asthma is still debated; recent studies reported herein have added to our understanding in several different domains, including natural history, virology and mechanisms.|Animal studies support the possibility that severe infections with respiratory syncytial virus early in life may be able to diverge the immune response towards an allergic phenotype; however, in human studies, predisposition seems dominating. Human rhinoviruses are increasingly being shown to be equally important as respiratory syncytial virus even in infancy. Newly discovered respiratory viruses have also been associated with asthma exacerbations. The interferon pathway is currently scrutinized with respect to virus-induced inflammation; furthermore, indications that viral infections may be associated with remodeling phenotypes have been recently published.|Notwithstanding the progress in epidemiology and pathogenesis of virus-induced asthma, more effort is needed in assessing possible strategies for treatment. Current treatments seem to be relatively ineffective, but new pathways give a hopeful message for future therapies.

BACKGROUND: Forgetting a foreign body in the abdominal cavity is an unpleasant and avoidable situation. It usually occurs when the preventive protocols are not followed precisely. In such a case clinical consequences are unpredictable and relaparotomy may become necessary. CASE PRESENTATION: We present the case of a temporary intestinal obstruction six months after a transabdominal hysterectomy. Diagnostic workup revealed a laparotomy-gauze left in the abdominal cavity at the previous operation. Exploration showed that the gauze was actually located in the intestinal lumen. The inflammatory reaction elicited by the foreign body eroded the intestinal wall and allowed its intraluminal migration. The gauze moved distally due to peristalsis until it became trapped in the ileocecal valve causing obstruction. When it finally passed through the valve the obstruction was relieved. Intraoperative maneuvers advanced the foreign body further forward until it was removed transanally. CONCLUSION: The formal processes - counting the gauzes continually and double crossing the counting - must be kept in every laparotomy to avoid the unpleasant experience of gauze remaining in the peritoneal cavity. In such an unfortunate case traditional open surgery provides a safe solution to the patient's problem.

The impact of high dose dexamethasone containing regimens with or without the novel agents thalidomide and bortezomib on the reversal of renal failure (RF) was evaluated in 41 consecutive newly diagnosed patients with multiple myeloma (MM) treated in a single institution. RF was reversed in 73% of all patients within a median of 1.9 months. In patients treated with dexamethasone and novel agents (thalidomide and/or bortezomib) the reversibility rate was 80% within a median of 0.8 months. Severe RF and significant Bence Jones proteinuria were associated with a lower probability of RF reversal. Patients who responded to treatment achieved RF reversal more often than in those who did not (85% versus 56%, p=0.046). In conclusion, RF is reversible in the majority of newly diagnosed MM patients treated with high-dose dexamethasone containing regimens. The addition of novel agents induces a more rapid RF reversal. ©2007 Ferrata Storti Foundation.

Rare examples of (high spin) Co(ii) complexes with geometrically constrained tetrathioether ligands exhibit a very unusual structural isomerism, switching reversibly between tetrahedral monomers in solution and octahedral chain polymers in the solid; the crystal structures of one polymeric species and a tetrahedral monomer model compound are described. © The Royal Society of Chemistry.

The emergence of the field of spintronics has brought half-metallic ferromagnets to the centre of scientific research. A lot of interest was focused on newly created transition-metal pnictides (such as CrAs) and chalcogenides (such as CrTe) in the metastable zinc-blende lattice structure. These compounds were found to have the advantage of high Curie temperatures in addition to their structural similarity to semiconductors. Significant theoretical activity has been devoted to the study of the electronic and magnetic properties of these compounds in an effort to achieve a better control of their experimental behaviour in realistic applications. This paper is devoted to an overview of the studies of these compounds, with emphasis on theoretical results, covering their bulk properties (electronic structure, magnetism, stability of the zinc-blende phase, stability of ferromagnetism) as well as low-dimensional structures (surfaces, interfaces, nanodots and transition-metal delta-doped semiconductors) and phenomena that can possibly destroy the half-metallic property, like structural distortions or defects.

In the following essay we are going to analyse therelationship between sound and image in computermusic. We will be examining sound visualisationsoftware, and its evolution over the thirty-five yeartimespan in which it has existed. How we judge software,is based on aesthetic criteria, the way they were handeddown to us from theories of abstract painting (20thcentury avant-garde) , the theory of montage by SergeiEisenstein, of neurophysiology (synesthesia, muscularimages) and of the successful correspondence of thetwo media (pixel and music) in the works and theoryof James Whitney.

Context: In the H-R diagram, the intersection of the main sequence and the classical Cepheid instability strip corresponds to a domain where a rich variety of atmospheric phenomena are at play (including pulsation, radiative diffusion, convection). Main-sequence A-type stars are among the best candidates to study the complex interplay between these various phenomena. Aims: We have explored a sample of suspected A-type binaries in a systematic way, both spectroscopically and photometrically. The sample consists of main-sequence A-type stars for which the few existing radial velocity measurements may show variability, but for which other essential information is lacking. Due to their location in the H-R diagram, indications of pulsation and/or chemical peculiarities among these suspected binary (or multiple) systems may be found. Methods: High-resolution spectroscopy obtained with the ELODIE and MUSICOS spectrographs was used in combination with a few nights of differential CCD photometry in order to search for pulsation(s). In order to search as well for chemical peculiarities or for possible hidden component(s), we derived the atmospheric stellar parameters by fitting the observed spectra with LTE synthetic ones. Results: Of the 32 investigated targets, eight are spectroscopic binaries, one of which is a close binary also showing eclipses, and three have been identified as δ Scuti pulsators with rapid line-profile variations. Conclusions: Among the latter stars, HD 217860 reveals interesting multiperiodic photometric and spectroscopic variations, with up to eight frequencies common to two large photometric data sets. We suggest that at least one radial overtone mode is excited among the two most dominant frequencies, on the basis of the computation of the pulsation constants as well as of the predicted frequencies and the expected behaviour of the amplitude ratio and the phase difference in two passbands using adequate theoretical modelling. We furthermore found evidence for a strong modulation of the amplitude(s) and/or the (radial) frequency content of this intriguing δ Scuti star. This work is based on spectroscopic observations made at the Haute-Provence Observatory (OHP), the Observatoire du Pic du Midi (TBL) and the Bulgarian National Astronomical Observatory (NAO, Rozhen). Tables 1, 2, 4, 5 and Fig. 7 are only available in electronic form at http://www.aanda.org

BACKGROUND: Several investigators have described a seasonal variation in the diagnosis of cutaneous melanoma. Limited data exist on the seasonality of melanoma diagnosis in Southern European countries. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The seasonal pattern of diagnosis was analyzed in 404 Greek patients diagnosed with cutaneous melanoma (CM) between 1996 and 2004. A summer-to-winter ratio was determined overall and in relation to gender, age, anatomic site, histopathologic type, and tumor thickness. RESULTS: The summer-to-winter ratio was 1.53 for all patients (95% CI [confidence interval]: 1.15-2.02) with a ratio of 1.83 for women (95% CI: 1.20-2.78) and 1.28 for men (95% CI: 0.87-1.88). A seasonal pattern of melanoma diagnosis was observed for patients younger than 50 years of age (1.70, 95% CI: 1.05-2.74) and between 50 and 69 years (1.64, 95% CI: 1.05-2.56), for melanoma located on the upper or lower extremities (2.50, 95% CI: 1.12-5.56 and 2.23, 95% CI: 1.19-4.18, respectively), for superficial spreading and nodular melanomas (1.73, 95% CI: 1.12-2.69 and 1.52 95% CI: 0.96-2.41) and for melanomas with a tumor thickness of 1-2 mm (1.69, 95% CI: 0.91-3.12) and > 4 mm (2.13, 95% CI: 1.04-4.35). CONCLUSIONS: No major differences were seen in the seasonal distribution of CM diagnosis in a Mediterranean population compared to previously reported results. A better ascertainment of the skin during the summer and an increased awareness due to the melanoma screening campaigns are the more likely reasons for the seasonality of melanoma diagnosis in Greece.

Determination of protein crystal structures is dependent on the growth of high-quality single crystals, a process that is not always successful. Optimum crystallization conditions must be systematically sought for, and microcrystalline powders are frequently obtained in failed attempts to grow the desired crystal. In materials science, structures of samples ranging from ceramics, pharmaceuticals, zeolites, etc., can nowadays be solved, almost routinely, from powdered samples, and there seems to be no fundamental reason, except the sheer size and complexity of the structures involved, why powder diffraction should not be employed to solve structures of small proteins. Indeed, recent work has shown that the high-quality powder diffraction data can be used in the study of protein crystal structures. We report the solution, model building, and refinement of a 67-residue protein domain crystal structure, with a cell volume of 64 879 A3, from powder diffraction. The second SH3 domain of ponsin, a protein of high biological significance due to its role in cellular processes, is determined and refined to resolution limits comparable to single-crystal techniques. Our results demonstrate the power and future applicability of the powder technique in structural biology.

Various species of the genus Phlomis have been reported to produce metabolites demonstrating significant pharmacological efficiency. In mature summer leaves of Phlomis fruticosa several secretory cells and structures were detected. A spectrum of compounds was localized histochemically within them. Calluses produced from leaf-cell cultures were histochemically investigated as well. Callus cells, although of low-differentiation, are synthetically active and produce various compounds. Many of them could be of pharmaceutical interest. © 2007 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

Serious actualism is the principle that, for every entity x and every property φ, it could not have been that x did not exist but had φ. The principle was called ‘serious actualism’ by A. Plantinga, who argued for it. Accepting it has serious consequences about how it is philosophically preferable to develop first-order modal logic. In the paper I show why some alleged counterexamples to the principle should not convince us, and then I offer three arguments for serious actualism and for the corresponding principle about relations. According to the first, by accepting those doctrines we avoid a serious difficulty when we try to explain when two properties, or two relations, coincide in extension. The second argument relies on some tenets about sets. The third improves upon Plantinga’s reasoning in favour of serious actualism. I then draw some conclusions about when a linguistic expression ought to be regarded as a predicate from a logical and semantic point of view. Finally, I discuss certain principles about time and space that are analogous to serious actualism.

Angiogenesis represents an essential step of disease progression in several haematological malignancies. Microvessel density is increased in 30% of patients with Waldenstrom macroglobulinaemia (WM), but there is very limited information regarding the role of angiogenic cytokines in this disease. Serum levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), VEGF-A, angiogenin, angiopoietin (Ang)-1 and -2, and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) were evaluated in 56 WM patients at different disease phases (24 untreated, 20 relapsed/refractory and 12 patients at remission) and 11 patients with immunoglobulin M type monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (IgM-MGUS). All patients had increased levels of angiogenin, VEGF, VEGF-A, and bFGF compared with controls. The Ang-1/Ang-2 ratio was reduced in WM but not in IgM-MGUS patients. Angiogenin levels correlated with disease status: when compared with healthy subjects, patients with IgM-MGUS and untreated WM patients had increased angiogenin serum levels, which were higher in untreated WM patients than in MGUS. WM patients at remission had lower angiogenin serum levels compared with untreated patients, but these levels were increased again in active disease post-therapy. Angiogenin also correlated with albumin levels, while VEGF-A correlated with β2-microglobulin (β2M). Ang-1/Ang-2 ratio showed a strong, negative correlation with β2M, and positive correlation with albumin, haemoglobin and lymphadenopathy. Our results indicate a potential use of angiogenin levels for follow-up in WM and angiogenic molecules as targets for the development of novel anti-WM agents. © 2007 The Authors.

Grape allergy is considered rare; grape lipid transfer protein (LTP; Vit v 1), an endochitinase and a thaumatin-like protein (TLP) have been reported as grape allergens. A considerable number of patients have referred to our department for severe reactions to grapes, and several IgE binding proteins were detected.|The aim of this study was to identify and characterise the allergens involved in severe allergic reactions to grapes and describe the population in which they occur.|Patients with reported severe allergic reactions to grapes (n = 37) are described. Grape allergens were purified/fractionated by a combination of chromatographic techniques, identified by proteomic analysis and biochemically characterised. Immunoreactivity was assessed by blot (inhibitions) and RAST (inhibitions), and skin prick tests were performed with the isolated allergens.|All subjects were polyallergic, sensitised and reactive to several additional foods and pollen. All patients were sensitised to grape LTP. A 28-kDa expansin, a 37.5-kDa polygalacturonase-inhibiting protein, a 39-kDa beta-1,3-glucanase and a 60-kDa protein were identified as minor grape allergens. Endochitinase and TLP did not play a role. Inhibition experiments revealed the possible cross-reactive role of LTP for clinical sensitivities to other LTP-containing plant foods, but also the involvement of cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants of minor allergens in IgE cross-reactivity.|LTP is the major grape allergen, while additional minor allergens may contribute to clinical reactivity. Severe grape allergy presents in atopic patients who frequently react to other LTP-containing, plant-derived foods. The 'LTP syndrome' is the appropriate term to describe this condition.

Objectives: Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and T regulatory cells (Tregs) have been associated with prognosis in ovarian cancer, but their prognostic significance in ascites has not been studied. We performed a prospective study of T lymphocytes isolated from ascites from patients with ovarian carcinoma and we compared them with the respective populations in blood and tumors. Methods: Mononuclear cells from ascites (n = 71) and blood were isolated by Ficoll, while tumor lymphocytes (n = 20) were obtained upon mechanical dissociation. Phenotypic analysis was performed with flow cytometry. Ascites from 10 patients with cirrhosis was used as control. Results: Tregs containing CD4+CD25+ cells, NK-T containing CD3+CD56+ cells and CD69 and HLADR expression of CD4 and CD8 lymphocytes were significantly increased in tumor ascites compared to blood and control ascites. A selective accumulation of these populations in the ascites of cancer patients, was suggested by the significantly higher ascites/blood (A/B) ratios in cancer patients but not controls. Cancer cell content in ascites was correlated with CD4+CD25+, CD4+CD69+, CD4+HLADR+ and CD8+CD69+ cells. There was no correlation of lymphocyte populations between ascites and samples from peritoneal metastases. Higher tumor grade was associated with increased A/B CD4+CD25+ ratio and reduced CD3+CD56+ cells, while platinum resistance was associated with reduced A/B CD3+CD56+ ratio. Conclusions: There are significant differences of CD3+CD56+ and CD25+CD4+ lymphocytes and increase in lymphocyte activation between blood, ascites and peritoneal metastases from patients with ovarian cancer. The selective accumulation of CD3+CD56+ population in ascites may be a predictive factor for platinum resistance. © 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

In this study an attempt is made to investigate the impact of the urban heat island (UHI) effect on the energy consumption of a building using both, an accurate, extensively validated, transient simulation model and a neural network one. The energy consumption is calculated for a typical building during the summer period at 20 different sites of the Greater Athens area with the aid of the TRNSYS model. It was found that the UHI affects significantly the thermal behaviour of the building, implying much lower cooling load cost and energy cost in the suburban areas. A neural network model was then appropriately designed and tested for the estimation of the energy consumption, employing as an input, the UHI intensity. The results of both methods were tested and compared and it was found that there is a good agreement between the cooling rate values calculated by the TRNSYS programme and those derived by the neural model. Moreover, the employment of the neural model helped in quantifying the contribution of each input parameter in the calculation of the cooling rate, and it was demonstrated that the UHI effect is a predominant parameter, affecting considerably the energy consumption of a building in the Mediterranean region. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

A statistical downscaling technique based on artificial neural network (ANN) was employed for the estimation of local changes on seasonal (winter, spring) precipitation and raindays for selected stations over Greece. Empirical transfer functions were derived between large-scale predictors from the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis and local rainfall parameters. Two sets of predictors were used: (1) the circulation-based 500 hPa and (2) its combination along with surface specific humidity and raw precipitation data (nonconventional predictor). The simulated time series were evaluated against observational data and the downscaling model was found efficient in generating winter and spring precipitation and raindays. The temporal evolution of the estimated variables was well captured, for both seasons. Generally, the use of the nonconventional predictors are attributed to the improvement of the simulated results. Subsequently, the present day and future changes on precipitation conditions were examined using large-scale data from the atmospheric general circulation model HadAM3P to the statistical model. The downscaled climate change signal for both precipitation and raindays, partly for winter and especially for spring, is similar to the signal from the HadAM3P direct ouput: a decrease of the parameters is predicted over the study area. However, the amplitude of the changes was different. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society.

We introduce an efficient method for slowing and stopping/storing light, which is based on wave propagation along a slowly axially varying, adiabatically tapered, negative refractive index metamaterial heterostructure. We analytically show that the present method can, in principle, simultaneously allow for broad bandwidth operation (since it does not rely on group index resonances), large delay-bandwidth products (since a wave packet can be completely stopped and buffered indefinitely) and high, almost 100%, in/out-coupling efficiencies. Moreover, by nature, the presented scheme invokes solid-state materials and, as such, is not subject to low-temperature or atomic coherence limitations. This method for trapping photons conceivably opens the way to a multitude of hybrid, optoelectronic devices to be used in 'quantum information' processing, communication networks and signal processors, and may herald a new realm of combined metamaterials and slow light research.

We analytically demonstrate that a lightwave propagating along an adiabatically tapered waveguide with a core of negative refractive index (NRI) material can efficiently be brought to a complete standstill, while allowing for more than 90% in-coupling from an ordinary dielectric waveguide. © 2007 Optical Society of America.

WHEN CITING:  Kamberidou, I. (2007). The Social Gender and Sport Identity: a Bio-socio-cultural Interpretation.  B. Kratzmuller, M. Marschik, R. Mullner, H. Szemethy, E. Trinkl (Eds.). Chapter in: Sport and the Construction of Identities (pp. 584–591). Verlag Turia & Kant, Wien, Austria.  [J. 1  in Apella]

Paros Island is part of the complex of Cyclades Islands, situated in the central Aegean Sea, Greece. It is characterized by the Mediterranean type of climate, with abrupt rainfalls and lower temperatures during winters and long term sunshine accompanied by dry periods during the summer, which constitutes a tough environment for the land. The low vegetation of the island leaves the ground exposed and very vulnerable to erosion. Also the recent change to the activities of the local people from agricultural to touristic ones and especially the abandonment of the agricultural terraces during the last 50 years has influenced the soil cover of the island in an unfavorable way, leading to total soil loss and exposure of the bedrock in many areas. Aggravating this fact, the slopes of the island are high in general terms thus making soil regeneration almost impossible. The soil that is transferred is either moving towards the small alluvial plains or, in most cases, is lost directly to the sea. In this paper there is an effort to depict the situation that currently exists on the island by pointing out the areas that still appear to be in a high risk for erosion and to estimate the average amount of soil loss. For the later the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) was tested on the data of the island. The application of the USLE took place with the use of MapInfo and ArcGIS Tools.

In parallel to the development of numerical simulations, analytical solutions for modelling the acceleration and the collimation of winds and jets have been proposed. We present here how meridionally self-similar solutions can be used to model the solar wind using Ulysses data at solar minimum. Such solutions may also be adapted to explain the formation core or spine jets in classical and weak TTauri stars (class II and III young stellar jets) as well as relativistic jet cores from AGN. The criterion for collimation explains how the jet evolves towards a wind as the star approaches the main sequence. A similar scenario could explain the winds from Seyfert galaxies by opposition to the powerful jets from Fanaroff Riley sources.

In parallel to the development of numerical simulations, analytical solutions for modelling the acceleration and the collimation of winds and jets have been proposed. We present here how meridionally self-similar solutions can be used to model the solar wind using Ulysses data at solar minimum. Such solutions may also be adapted to explain the formation core or spine jets in classical and weak TTauri stars (class II and III young stellar jets) as well as relativistic jet cores from AGN. The criterion for collimation explains how the jet evolves towards a wind as the star approaches the main sequence. A similar scenario could explain the winds from Seyfert galaxies by opposition to the powerful jets from Fanaroff Riley sources.

In the present paper the differential equation of the temporal development of a landform (mountain) with a time dependent diffusion coefficient is solved. It is shown that the shape and dimensions of the landform at time t are independent of the specific variation of the diffusion coefficient with time; they only depend on the mean value of the diffusion coefficient in the time interval where the erosion process takes place. Studying the behaviour of the solution of the differential equation in the wave number domain, it is concluded that Fourier analysis may help in estimating, in quantitative terms, the initial dimensions, the age or, alternatively, the value of the diffusion coefficient of the landform. The theoretical predictions are tested on a hill of the southern part of the Ural mountainous region, in order to show how the results of the mathematical analysis can be used in describing, in quantitative terms, the morphological development of landforms due to erosion processes.

ερά οδός 401. Βρίσκεστε στην είσοδο ενός εξαίσιου βοτανικού κήπου. Είναι ο μεγαλύτερος βοτανικός κήπος της Ελλάδας, σχεδιασμένος με διεθνείς προδιαγραφές, όπου υπάρχουν χιλιάδες φυτικά είδη. Ο κήπος αυτός, που ονομάζεται Βοτανικός Κήπος Ιουλίας & Αλεξάνδρου Διομήδους, ήταν όραμα για τον Αλέξανδρο Ν. Διομήδη και τη σύζυγό του Ιουλία, οι οποίοι άφησαν όλα τα περιουσιακά τους στοιχεία ως κληροδότημα στο Εθνικό και Καποδιστριακό Πανεπιστήμιο Αθηνών με το αίτημα να δημιουργηθεί ο Bοτανικός Kήπος. Ο νομικός Αλέξανδρος Διομήδης, που η σταδιοδρομία του συνδέθηκε ενδεικτικά με θέσεις νομάρχη, βουλευτή, υπουργού Δικαιοσύνης, του διοικητού της Εθνικής Τράπεζας της Ελλάδος, του ιδρυτού της Τράπεζας της Ελλάδος, ακαδημαϊκού και πρωθυπουργού, πίστευε ότι η επιβίωση στηρίζεται στις νέες και άγνωστες δυνάμεις που έρχονται. Στη βιοποικιλότητα του Kήπου του Διομήδους, που στολίζει τη Δυτική Αττική, αξίζει να περιηγηθείτε και να θαυμάσετε πώς αναπτύσσεται η πολύχρονη ομορφιά των φυτών.

Patsantaras, N.; Kamperidou, I.; Panagiotopoulos, P. (2007). “Social Inclusion or Xenophobia?" Presentation at the 13th IASL Congress Sports Justice, Present and Future, Mexico City, November 13 - 16, 2007. Organised by the International Association of Sports Law (I.A.S.L.), the Comision de Juventud Y Deporte, Senado de la Republica, Estados unidos Mexicanos. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.4661.6806    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT:    Developments in new technologies of mass communication have created unprecedented global audiences for ‘mega’ sports events. The positive social impact of these events, such as the social construction and redefinition of identity based on ethnic, racial and gender equity and equality has been overestimated. The alarming impact of globalization on racism and xenophobia has generated international discourse concerning the mainstreaming of cross-cultural understanding and dialogue, especially through sports. Contemporary critical theories have distinguished sport as a site through which non-inclusive practices of social exclusion, such racism and violence, can be identified. As an international expression, is sport a means to social inclusion and integration, or a social-conflict space closely linked to social inequality? A structural functional approach directs attention to the ways sports help society operate. However, a social-conflict analysis focuses on the inequalities in sports. Olympic sports were institutionalized as a social space with no boundaries, encompassing in their value system, respect for cultural and ethnic identities. The Olympic movement advocates ethnic self-definition and the peaceful coexistence of ethnic diversity in the international scene. However, the exploitation, or rather misuse of athletic activity has always been common practice in the history of the athletic phenomenon. Current discussions characterize sports as a means that serves the globalization process, namely the western model of cultural-societal globalization. What role can Olympic sports play today to preserve and safeguard cultural and ethnic diversity, namely to promote the empowerment of self-definition, multiethnic understanding, respect for ethnic identity and cross-cultural cooperation? Key words: sport as a cultural ‘topos’, broader identities, respect for ethnic, racial and gender diversity, racism and xenophobia, non-inclusive practices of social exclusion, racial inclusion, sport identity, the gendered body, cultural diversity vs. ‘difference’, multi-dimensional and proactive strategies. 

The article responds to the emerging need for a general framework for ELF (English as a lingua franca) teacher education that would appropriately inform and sensitize ESOL (English for speakers of other languages) practi-tioners about ELF teaching matters. The teacher education model put forward is based on the transformative framework for adult education suggested by Mezirow and has five phases. The framework aims at bringing about the much-needed paradigm shift in postmodern ESOL pedagogy by transform-ing ESOL teachers' worldviews about English and English language pedagogy and empowering them in bringing about the necessary changes in their own teaching context.

Μια συχνή καλλιτεχνική δραστηριότητα των Ελλήνων στην Αμερική στα τέλη του 19ου αι. ήταν να απαγγέλλουν αρχαία ποιητικά κείμενα, ντυμένοι με χλαμύδες και με τη συνοδεία άρπας. Παράλληλα δρούσαν και οι περιοδεύοντες «τραγικοί ραψωδοί», όπου επιδίδονταν συχνά σε αυτή τη συνήθεια. Ήδη από τα τέλη του 19ου αι. γεννήθηκαν οι πρώτοι ερασιτεχνικοί θίασοι με μόνιμη, σταθερή παρουσία και πολυετή διάρκεια ζωής. Πολλοί από τους ηθοποιούς αυτών των ερασιτεχνικών σκηνών εργάστηκαν για το ελληνοαμερικανικό θέατρο πάνω από είκοσι χρόνια δίνοντας παραστάσεις αδιαλείπτως. Ημερομηνία σταθμός είναι η 25η Μαρτίου του 1895, όπου πραγματοποιήθηκε πραγματοποιείται η πρώτη παράσταση Ελλήνων μεταναστών στις Η.Π.Α. Ο σύλλογος «Λυκούργος» στο Chicago ανέβασε την κωμωδία του Δημητρίου Βυζάντιου «Βαβυλωνία» με ερασιτέχνες ηθοποιούς οι οποίοι διέμεναν στην πόλη. Τα έσοδα την παράστασης προορίζονταν για την κάλυψη των εξόδων του εορτασμού της Εθνικής Εορτής. Αυτή η πρωτοφανής παράσταση πυροδότησε το φαινόμενο του ελληνικού μεταναστευτικού θεάτρου στις Η.Π.Α.

Anelasticity of the Earth crucially affects the propagation of seismic waves especially, in the long period range. However, even though the elastic properties of the Aegean deep lithosphère and upper mantle have been thoroughly investigated, their quantitative anelastic properties that influence the long period wavefield are still largely unknown. This work is towards contributing to the better knowledge of the deep structure of the Aegean by introducing experimental anelastic parameters via the study of long period Rayleigh waves attenuation. For this scope, fundamental mode attenuation coefficients (γ%) have been obtained for different two-station great-circle paths across the Aegean. The data used were provided by a broadband array installed in the area for 6 months in 1997. More than 1100 seismograms were analyzed in the 10-100 s range to obtain 17 sets of path average γR(T) functions. The attenuation coefficients are in the range 2.5*10~3 — 0.15 x 10' km' and correlate sufficiently with both experimental measurements in active tectonic regions elsewhere and synthetics generated with the use of an attenuation reference model inferred from other sources. By applying a stochastic uncoupled causal inversion method an average joint Qß'1 and shear velocity model representative of the under study area was obtained. Furthermore, path average JR(T) functions were combined in a continuous regionalization tomographic scheme to obtain local yR(T) and tomograms were constructed in the range 10-60 s. The most prominent feature in the tomograms is a high attenuation region in the central and north Aegean. This region is located south of the North Anatolian Trough and correlates well with a low shear velocity zone inferred from surface wave phase velocities. Moreover, it is associated with observed intense extensional deformation rates, mantle olivine anisotropy, recent volcanism and high heat flow.

Anelasticity of the Earth crucially affects the propagation of seismic waves especially, in the long period range. However, even though the elastic properties of the Aegean deep lithosphère and upper mantle have been thoroughly investigated, their quantitative anelastic properties that influence the long period wavefield are still largely unknown. This work is towards contributing to the better knowledge of the deep structure of the Aegean by introducing experimental anelastic parameters via the study of long period Rayleigh waves attenuation. For this scope, fundamental mode attenuation coefficients (γ%) have been obtained for different two-station great-circle paths across the Aegean. The data used were provided by a broadband array installed in the area for 6 months in 1997. More than 1100 seismograms were analyzed in the 10-100 s range to obtain 17 sets of path average γR(T) functions. The attenuation coefficients are in the range 2.5*10~3 — 0.15 x 10' km' and correlate sufficiently with both experimental measurements in active tectonic regions elsewhere and synthetics generated with the use of an attenuation reference model inferred from other sources. By applying a stochastic uncoupled causal inversion method an average joint Qß'1 and shear velocity model representative of the under study area was obtained. Furthermore, path average JR(T) functions were combined in a continuous regionalization tomographic scheme to obtain local yR(T) and tomograms were constructed in the range 10-60 s. The most prominent feature in the tomograms is a high attenuation region in the central and north Aegean. This region is located south of the North Anatolian Trough and correlates well with a low shear velocity zone inferred from surface wave phase velocities. Moreover, it is associated with observed intense extensional deformation rates, mantle olivine anisotropy, recent volcanism and high heat flow.

It is proved that the Holy Canons of the seven Ecumenical Synods, and subsequently the whole framework of Canon Law, applies and follows the no punishment without preexisting law principle, firstly introduced in ecclesiastical law by Saint Paul the Apostle. What is really notable is that Holy Canons service the admissible exceptions of the nullum crimen nulla poena sine lege praevia doctrine, in almost the same way they are instituted in contemporaries statuary penal laws.

Ρουμανικά: «Învăţătura Sinodului de la Iaşi (1642-1643) cu privire la prefacerea Cinstitelor Daruri, în lumina tradiţiei canonice» Teologia anul XI, nr. 3/2007, pp. 242-280Η παρούσα μελέτη πραγματεύεται την περί μεταβολής των "Τιμίων Δώρων" σε σώμα και αίμα Χριστού διδασκαλία της "Ομολογίας" της Πανορθοδόξου Συνόδου του Ιασίου (1642/43) υπό το φως της Κανονικής Παραδόσεως. Η εξέταση της αντιρρητικής της Συνόδου προς ετερόδοξες απόψεις διενεργείται με αξιοποίηση του ασφαλούς κριτηρίου της ορθόδοξης κανονικής διδασκαλίας. Ο όρος "μετουσίωσις" της ύλης του ευχαριστιακού Μυστηρίου συμπαραβάλλεται με τον κανονικό όρο "μετουσία", ο οποίος τοποθετεί στο επίκεντρο του ενδιαφέροντος το γεγονός της "ανακράσεως" του έμψυχου σώματος των πιστών με το "του Θεού σώμα". Η ορθόδοξη κανονική διδασκαλία δεν επιδιώκει να εξηγήσει το θαύμα της πραγματικής μεταβολής των Τιμίων Δώρων, αλλά να ενισχύσει την πίστη στη "θεουργία" των μετεχόντων στο Μυστήριο. Αν η μεταβολή των Τιμίων Δώρων δεν ήταν πραγματική αλλά συμβολική, τότε το ευχαριστηριοκεντρικό σύστημα απονομής της εκκλησιαστικής δικαιοσύνης θα είχε μια εγγενή αδυναμία ως προς την εποικοδομητική, εγκληματοπροληπτική εν τέλει σωτηριολογική του λειτουργία.

The optical properties of ultra thin anodic silicon layers containing silicon nanocrystals were investigated by photoluminescence spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared absorption spectroscopy. The films were grown by electrochemical dissolution of bulk crystalline silicon at the early stages of anodization using short monopulses of anodic currents ranging from the regime of porous silicon formation to the transition regime between porosification and electropolishing. The conditions for obtaining light emitting films and the origin of light emission will be discussed. © 2007 American Institute of Physics.

We performed spectroscopy of four optical nova candidates in M31 using the Russian 6-m telescope and the SCORPIO spectrograph. The spectral range was 380-755 nm, and the spectral resolution was 1.34 nm. M31N 2007-07b (E. Ovcharov, et al., ATel#1139): The exposure was taken between 2007 July 19.925 and 19.957 UT about 10 days after the discovery. Balmer emission lines are dominant. The value of FWHM(Halpha) corrected for instrumental profile and EW(Halpha) are 1600 km/s and -71 nm, correspondingly.

Half-metallic Heusler alloys are amongst the most promising materials for future magneto-electronic applications. We review some recent results on the electronic properties of these compounds. The origin of the gap in these half-metallic alloys and its connection to the magnetic properties are well understood. Changing the lattice parameter slightly shifts the Fermi level. Spin-orbit coupling induces states within the gap but the alloys keep a very high degree of spin polarization at the Fermi level. Small degrees of doping and disorder as well as defects with low formation energy have little effect on the properties of the gap, while temperature effects can lead to a quick loss of half-metallicity. Finally, we discuss two special issues: the case of quaternary Heusler alloys and the half-metallic ferrimagnets.

Under an in-plane magnetic field, the density of states of quasi-two-dimensional carriers deviates from the occasionally stereotypic step-like form both quantitatively and qualitatively. Here we study how this affects the spin-subband populations and the spin-polarization as functions of the temperature, T, and the in-plane magnetic field, B, for narrow to wide dilute-magnetic-semiconductor quantum wells. We examine a wide range of material and structural parameters, focusing on the quantum well width, the magnitude of the spin-spin exchange interaction, and the sheet carrier concentration. Generally, increasing T, the carrier spin-splitting, Uoσ, decreases, augmenting the influence of the “minority”-spin carriers. Increasing B, Uoσ, increases and, accordingly, carriers populate “majority”-spin subbands while they abandon “minority”-spin subbands. Furthermore, in line with the density of states modification, all energetically higher subbands become gradually depopulated. We also indicate the ranges where the system is completely spin-polarized.

We report on the transport and magnetic properties of hybrid trilayers (TL's) and bilayers (BL's) that consist of low spin-polarized Ni80Fe20 exhibiting in-plane but no uniaxial anisotropy and low-T-c Nb. We reveal a magnetoresistance effect of magnitude identical to the ones that were reported in Pena [Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 57002 (2005)] for TL's consisting of highly spin-polarized La0.7Ca0.3MnO3 and high-T-c YBa2Cu3O7. The presented effect is pronounced when compared to the one reported in Rusanov [Phys. Rev. B 73, 060505(R) (2006)] for Ni80Fe20-Nb-Ni80Fe20 TL's of strong in-plane uniaxial anisotropy. In our TL's the magnetoresistance exhibits an increase of two orders of magnitude when the superconducting state is reached: from the conventional normal-state values Delta R/R(nor)x100%=0.6% it goes up to Delta R/R(nor)x100%=45% (Delta R/R(min)x100%=1000%) for temperatures below T-c(SC). In contrast, in the BL's the effect is only minor since from Delta R/R(nor)x100%=3% in the normal state increases only to Delta R/R(nor)x100%=8% (Delta R/R(min)x100%=70%) for temperatures below T-c(SC). Magnetization data of both the longitudinal and transverse magnetic components are presented. Most importantly, we present data not only for the normal state of Nb but also in its superconducting state. Strikingly, these data show that below its T-c(SC) the Nb interlayer under the influence of the outer Ni80Fe20 layers attains a magnetization component transverse to the external field. By comparing the transport and magnetization data we propose a candidate mechanism that could motivate the pronounced magnetoresistance effect observed in the TL's. Adequate magnetostatic coupling of the outer Ni80Fe20 layers is motivated by stray fields that emerge naturally in their whole surface due to the multidomain magnetic structure that they attain near coercivity. Consequently, the stray fields penetrate the Nb interlayer and suppress its superconducting properties by primarily (secondarily) exceeding its lower (upper) critical field. Atomic force microscopy is employed in order to examine the possibility that such magnetostatic coupling could be promoted by interface roughness. Referring to the BL's, although out-of-plane rotation of the magnetization of the single Ni80Fe20 layer is still observed, in these structures magnetostatic coupling does not occur due to the absence of a second Ni80Fe20 one so that the observed magnetoresistance peaks are only modest.

Exclusive ?-particle and proton production measurements of the system Li6+Si28 are performed at near-barrier energies. Each reaction channel is tagged via a particle-? coincidence requirement. Ratios of direct to compound contributions are estimated via particle angular distribution measurements. Strong reaction channels for n and p transfer are identified and quantified and found to be described well on a qualitative basis with distorted-wave Born approximation calculations. © 2007 The American Physical Society.

We review our results on the structural and light-emitting properties of ultra-thin anodic silicon films grown by the electrochemical dissolution of bulk monocrystalline silicon at early stages of anodization. The films were grown using monopulses of anodization current covering the range from the regime of porous silicon formation to electropolishing. The samples were characterized by high resolution transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared absorption spectroscopy and photoluminescence. © 2007 by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. All rights reserved.

We review our results on the structural and light-emitting properties of ultra-thin anodic silicon films grown by the electrochemical dissolution of bulk monocrystalline silicon at early stages of anodization. The films were grown using monopulses of anodization current covering the range from the regime of porous silicon formation to electropolishing. The samples were characterized by high resolution transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared absorption spectroscopy and photoluminescence.

The Group IVA cytosolic phospholipase A2 (GIVA cPLA2) is a key provider of substrates for the production of eicosanoids and platelet-activating factor. We explored the structure−activity relationship of 2-oxoamide-based compounds and GIVA cPLA2 inhibition. The most potent inhibitors are derived from δ- and γ-amino acid-based 2-oxoamides. The optimal side-chain moiety is a short nonpolar aliphatic chain. All of the newly developed 2-oxoamides as well as those previously described have now been tested with the human Group V secreted PLA2 (GV sPLA2) and the human Group VIA calcium-independent PLA2 (GVIA iPLA2). Only one 2-oxoamide compound had appreciable inhibition of GV sPLA2, and none of the potent GIVA cPLA2 inhibitors inhibited either GV sPLA2 or GVIA iPLA2. Two of these specific GIVA cPLA2 inhibitors were also found to have potent therapeutic effects in animal models of pain and inflammation at dosages well below the control nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

The article examines the psychometric properties (reliability and validity) of the Greek version of the Student-Teacher Relationship Scale (STRS; Pianta, 2001), as well as the quality of this relationship in preadolescents. A large body of relevant research has examined the relationship between students and teachers during the preschool and early childhood years. ln this study, 28 teachers completed the STRS and the adaptive functioning subscale of the Teacher's Report Form for their 502 students (fifth and sixth graders). The results showed that STRS exhibited adequate internal consistency and low standard error of measurement. Confirmatory factor analysis replicated the three factors of the scale -conflict, closeness, and dependency- in the Greek sample of preadolescents. However, the student-teacher relationship presented a somewhat different picture compared to the U.S.A. samples of young students. For example, closeness and dependency were somewhat likely to co-exist in teachers' representations of relationships. Dependency shared little variance with the total relationship score and age and gender differences were observed. The expected findings emerged for the links with adaptive functioning. For example, conflict was the strongest (negative) correlate of adaptive functioning. The developmental implications of these data for the student-teacher relationship during preadolescence are discussed.

The main purpose of the present study was the detailed qualitative and quantitative analysis of coccolithophore distribution in the marine ecosystems of the island of Andros and in correlation to the Late Quaternary recording from the region lying central-south of the Aegean Sea region.

We present the basic notions of the "Supercritical Pile" model of Gamma Ray Bursts (GRBs). This model is motivated by the need for a process that provides the dissipation necessary in GRBs and presents a well defined scheme for converting the energy stored in the relativistic protons of the Relativistic Blast Waves (RBW) associated with GRB into radiation; at the same time it leads to spectra which exhibit a peak in the burst νFν distribution at an energy Ep ≃ 1 MeV in the observer's frame, in agreement with observation and largely independent of the Lorentz factor Γ of the associated relativistic outflow.

It is generally believed that superconductivity and magnetism are two antagonistic long-range phenomena. However, as was preliminarily highlighted in Stamopoulos et al (2007 Phys. Rev. B 75 014501), and extensively studied in this work, under specific circumstances these phenomena instead of being detrimental to each other may even become cooperative so that their synergy may promote the superconducting properties of a hybrid structure. Here, we have studied systematically the magnetic and transport behavior of such exchange biased hybrids that are comprised of ferromagnetic (FM) Ni80Fe20 and low-T-c superconducting (SC) Nb for the case where the magnetic field is applied parallel to the specimens. Two structures have been studied: FM-SC-FM trilayers (TLs) and FM-SC bilayers (BLs). Detailed magnetization data on the longitudinal and transverse magnetic components are presented for both the normal and superconducting states. These data are compared to systematic transport measurements including I-V characteristics. The comparison of the exchange biased BLs and TLs that are studied here with the plain ones studied in Stamopoulos et al (2007 Phys. Rev. B 75 184504) enable us to reveal an underlying parameter that may falsify the interpretation of the transport properties of relevant FM-SC-FM TLs and FM-SC BLs investigated in the recent literature: the underlying mechanism motivating the extreme magnetoresistance peaks in the TLs relates to the suppression of superconductivity mainly due to the magnetic coupling of the two FM layers as the out-of-plane rotation of their magnetizations takes place across the coercive field where stray fields emerge in their whole surface owing to the multidomain magnetic state that they acquire. The relative in-plane magnetization configuration of the outer FM layers exerts a secondary contribution on the SC interlayer. Since the exchange bias directly controls the in-plane magnetic order it also controls the out-of-plane rotation of the ferromagnets' magnetizations so that the magnetoresistance peaks may be tuned at will. All the contradictory experimental data reported in the recent literature are discussed fairly in the light of our results; based on a specific prerequisite we propose a phenomenological stray-field mechanism that efficiently explains the evolution of the magnetoresistance effect in TLs. Our experiments not only point out the need for a new theoretical treatment of FM-SC hybrids but also direct us toward the design of efficient supercurrent-switch elemental devices.

The aim of this study was to investigate children‘s perceptions (i.e. expectations) of the interventions that teachers should implement to deal with their loneliness. The role of significant others in children‘s attempts to cope with loneliness and the children‘s perceptions of that role have been neglected by researchers. A random sample of 180 second, fourth and sixth graders from Athens, the capital of Greece, were individually interviewed. Qualitative analysis using the ‘concept-indicator model‘ (Strauss, 1987) showed that school-age children have an adequate understanding of the loneliness alleviation strategies that teachers can and should use. The strategies may be distinguished into the two already known broad categories of coping, that is problem-focused or active coping strategies (i.e. manifestation of interest and care, intervention in the peer group, encouragement to approach peers and make friends, consultation for personal improvement, informing parents), and emotion-focused or avoidance coping strategies (i.e., emotion regulation, encouragement to engage in activities and inability to cope). Results are discussed in terms of their implications for the role of the teacher in alleviating loneliness, for school-based interventions with this purpose, as well as for their contribution in the existing knowledge about coping with loneliness strategies.

In an effort to investigate the deep geological structure in the broader area of central-western Attica, that suffered severe damage during the destructive Athens earthquake of September 7th, 1999, the Department of Geophysics-Geothermics of the Faculty of Geology and Geoenvironment of Athens University, in collaboration with the Geodynamic Institute of National Observatory of Athens and the Department of Geological Sciences of Durham University, carried out a combined geophysical survey. For the first time in Attica, seismic and gravity geophysical methods were applied along profiles, in such an extensive scale. Within the framework of this investigation the following tasks were accomplished: a) Three (3) seismic lines of about 30 kilometres of total length, two (2) in the area of Thriassion plain and one (1) along the Parnitha-Krioneri-Drosia-Ekali-Dionysos axis (Attica plain) and b) 338 gravity measurements distributed along eight (8) gravity profiles, four (4) of which in Thriassion plain, three (3) in Petroupoli-Aharnes-Thrakomakedones region (Attica plain) and one (1) along Parnitha-Krioneri-Drosia-Ekali-Dionysos axis (Attica plain). Preliminary results of the geophysical investigation combined with existing geological and tectonic data are presented in this paper. Significant variation in the elevation of the alpine basement has been detected, expressed by manifestation of low and high subsurface areas which are well correlated with existing fault zones. In the area of Thriassion plain the thickness of post-alpine sediments is estimated of a few hundred meters (<500 meters) and huge thickness of several hundred meters (~800 meters) of post-alpine sediments were detected in Thrakemakedones and Krioneri areas. The relief of alpine basement is more intense in fault zones areas, such as Thriassion plain (WNW-ESE), Pathitha and Kifissos (NE-SW) as well as along the fault zone outline the Fili and Aharnes graben and is covered by postalpine formations.

Thalidomide - either alone or in combination with dexamethasone or chemotherapy - has shown significant activity in relapsed/refractory disease. When used in the induction regimens in untreated patients, it significantly increases the response rates as well progression-free survival. Moreover, thalidomide as a maintenance therapy has become a very attractive option. However, the toxicity profile of the drug, mainly neurotoxicity and thrombotic events, mandate careful monitoring of patients treated with thalidomide, whether as the first line, in the relapsed setting, or as maintenance. In this chapter we will review the pharmacology, mechanisms of action, and toxicity of the drug, and will focus on available data from clinical experience and randomized trials of thalidomide in the different settings of multiple myeloma: refractory/relapsed disease, upfront treatment in patients who are eligible for high-dose therapy as well as those who are not, and finally the use of thalidomide as a maintenance treatment. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

We develop a fully quantum-mechanical theory for the interaction of light and electron–hole excitations in semiconductor quantum dots. Our theoretical analysis results in an expression for the photoluminescence intensity of quantum dots in the linear regime. Taking into account the single-particle Hamiltonian, the free-photon Hamiltonian, the electron–hole interaction Hamiltonian, and the interaction of carriers with light, and applying the Heisenberg equation of motion to the photon number expectation values, to the carrier distribution functions and to the correlation term between the photon generation (destruction) and electron–hole pair, we obtain a set of luminescence equations. Under quasi-equilibrium conditions, these equations become a closed-set of equations. We solve them analytically, in the linear regime, and we find an approximate solution of the incoherent photoluminescence intensity. The validity of the theoretical analysis is tested by investigating the emission spectra in the high-temperature regime, interpreting the experimental findings for the emission spectra of a lens-shaped In0.5Ga0.5As self-assembled quantum dot. Our theoretical predictions for the interlevel spacing as well as for the dephasing time caused by electron–longitudinal optical phonon interactions are in good agreement with the experimental results.

Light usually propagates inside transparent materials in well known ways. However, recent research has examined the possibility of modifying the way the light travels by taking a normal transparent dielectric and inserting tiny metallic inclusions of various shapes and arrangements. As light passes through these structures, oscillating electric currents are set up that generate electromagnetic field moments; these can lead to dramatic effects on the light propagation, such as negative refraction. Possible applications include lenses that break traditional diffraction limits and 'invisibility cloaks' (refs 5, 6). Significantly less research has focused on the potential of such structures for slowing, trapping and releasing light signals. Here we demonstrate theoretically that an axially varying heterostructure with a metamaterial core of negative refractive index can be used to efficiently and coherently bring light to a complete standstill. In contrast to previous approaches for decelerating and storing light, the present scheme simultaneously allows for high in-coupling efficiencies and broadband, room-temperature operation. Surprisingly, our analysis reveals a critical point at which the effective thickness of the waveguide is reduced to zero, preventing the light wave from propagating further. At this point, the light ray is permanently trapped, its trajectory forming a double light-cone that we call an 'optical clepsydra'. Each frequency component of the wave packet is stopped at a different guide thickness, leading to the spatial separation of its spectrum and the formation of a 'trapped rainbow'. Our results bridge the gap between two important contemporary realms of science - metamaterials and slow light. Combined investigations may lead to applications in optical data processing and storage or the realization of quantum optical memories. ©2007 Nature Publishing Group.

Background and Objectives: High-dose melphalan and autologous stem cell transplantation is currently the treatment of choice for selected patients with AL amyloidosis; however, new treatments are needed for patients who are ineligible for or relapse after this procedure. Bortezomib is a proteasome inhibitor with proven activity in multiple myeloma, and the addition of dexamethasone results in superior outcome. We evaluated the activity and feasibility of the combination of bortezomib and dexamethasone (BD) in patients with AL amyloidosis. Design and Methods: Consecutive patients with histologically proven, symptomatic AL amyloidosis were treated with BD. Results: Eighteen patients, including seven who had relapsed or progressed after previous therapies were treated with BD. Eleven (61%) patients had two or more organs involved; kidneys and heart were affected in 14 and 15 patients, respectively. The majority of patients had impaired performance status and high brain natriuretic peptide values; serum creatinine was elevated in six patients. Among evaluable patients, 94% had a hematologic response and 44% a hematologic complete response, including all five patients who had not responded to prior high dose dexamethasone-based treatment and one patient under dialysis. Five patients (28%) had a response in at least one affected organ. Hematologic responses were rapid (median 0.9 months) and median time to organ response was 4 months. Neurotoxicity, fatigue, peripheral edema, constipation and exacerbation of postural hypotension were manageable although necessitated dose adjustment or treatment discontinuation in 11 patients. Interpretation and Conclusions: The combination of BD is feasible in patients with AL amyloidosis. Patients achieve a rapid hematologic response and toxicity can be managed with close follow-up and appropriate dose adjustment. This treatment may be a valid option for patients with severe heart or kidney impairment. ©2007 Ferrata Storti Foundation.

Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia is defined by bone marrow lymphoplasmacytic infiltration and by production of monoclonal IgM. Treatment is employed only to symptomatic patients. Alkylating agents (chlorambucil), nucleoside analogues and rituximab are reasonable choices for primary therapy. Combination therapy either with nucleoside analogues with alkylating agents and/or rituximab or rituximab with chemotherapy such as CHOP or cyclophosphamide are also reasonable frontline treatment options for WM patients. Several factors should be taken into account when choosing the most appropriate primary treatment. These factors include the age of the patient and possible co-morbidities, the presence of cytopenias and especially thrombocytopenia, the presence of symptoms and signs indicative of hyperviscosity, the need for rapid disease control due to severe symptoms, significant splenomegaly or lymphadenopathy, symptomatic peripheral neuropathy and whether the patient is candidate for autologous stem cell transplantation. For patients with refractory or relapsing disease, the use of an alternate first-line agent is reasonable. Outside the setting of a clinical trial, the administration of high-dose therapy should be reserved only for patients refractory to alkylating agents, purine nucleoside and rituximab. For patients who develop resistance to all three classes of agents, alemtuzumab, thalidomide with or without dexamethasone or bortezomib could be tried. © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2007.

Proteins that are expressed by both malignant and healthy fetal tissues are recognized as oncofetal. These antigens are associated with cell proliferation and differentiation and are produced in high concentrations in pregnancy and malignancy. Their biological role in malignancy is the suppression of the host's immune system, while in pregnancy they affect the maternal immune response, generating maternal tolerance toward the embryo. This review describes the levels of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), cancer antigen 125 (CA 125), squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCC), cancer antigen 15-3 (CA 15-3), mucin-like carcinoma-associated antigen (MCA), tissue polypeptide-specific antigen (TPS), carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9), and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in maternal serum (MS), umbilical cord serum (UC), and amniotic fluid (AF) and outlines their roles in the assessment of pregnancy and malignancy. All antigens studied, except CA 15-3, are oncofetal. The presence of considerable concentrations of AFP, hCG, CEA, CA125, SCC, MCA, TPS, CA 19-9, and PSA in AF during pregnancy may be attributed to their involvement in biological functions associated with fetal development, differentiation, and maturation. MS CEA, CA 15-3, and CA 19-9, in contrast to all the others, are not influenced significantly by pregnancy and thus remain reliable tumor markers in monitoring malignancy in pregnant patients. Copyright © 2007 Informa Healthcare.

Objectives: Adjuvant carboplatin is used as adjuvant therapy in Stage I testicular seminoma. Although cure is the rule, relapses still occur, especially in high-risk populations. We report the results of a risk-adapted strategy by the Hellenic Cooperative Oncology Group. Methods: From 1996 to 2003, 64 patients with Stage I seminoma and one of two risk factors (maximal tumor diameter greater than 4 cm and/or age younger than 34 years) were prospectively included in a protocol of adjuvant chemotherapy. Treatment consisted of two 3-week courses of etoposide 120 mg/m2 and cisplatin 40 mg/m2 for three consecutive days with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor support. Results: Of the 64 patients, 43 (67%) were younger than 34 years and 55 (86%) had a tumor diameter greater than 4 cm. Neutropenia and nausea and vomiting were the most frequent grade 3 or 4 toxicities (16.5% and 9.5%, respectively), apart from alopecia. After a median follow-up of 60 months (range 7 to 118), no disease relapses have occurred. A metachronous testicular carcinoma has been reported. One patient died of causes unrelated to his disease. Conclusions: The results of our study have shown that two cycles of etoposide and cisplatin is an effective and safe form of adjuvant therapy for Stage I testicular seminoma. Risk factors can be used to identify patients who could benefit from etoposide and cisplatin treatment. © 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Recent observations of jets in young stellar objects suggest that although both disk- and stellar-outflows seem to be present, each one of these two components may dominate at the various stages of the YSO. Over the past several years the only analytical solutions of the steady-state MHD equations which have been studied, correspond to the radially (magneto-centrifugally driven disk winds) and meridionally (thermally accelerated stellar outflows) self-similar models. In this context, we study through time dependent numerical simulations, using the PLUTO code, one prototypical case of each of these two classes examining many of their physical and numerical properties. We find that the solutions are structurally stable and robust, maintaining all their well defined features, despite several modifications they have been subject to. Therefore, their proper matching could explain a two-component jet.

Aims:We study the acceleration and radiation of charged particles in the shock waves of supernova remnants using a recent version of the "box model". According to this, particles are accelerated in an energy-dependent region around the shock by the first order Fermi mechanism and lose energy through radiation. Methods: The particle distribution function is obtained from a spatially averaged kinetic equation that treats the energy losses self-consistently. There exists also a second population that consists of those particles that escape behind the shock where they also radiate. The energy distribution of this population is calculated in a similar manner. Results: The application of the model to the supernova remnant RX J1713.7-3946, which was recently confirmed as a TeV source by HESS, shows that the X-ray emission can be attributed to electron synchrotron radiation while in γ-rays there are contributions from both electrons and protons, with protons playing the dominant role. Additionally, there are strong indications that particles diffuse in turbulence that has a Kolmogorov spectrum.

We developed a method for fabricating ultra-thin (18-80 nm) light emitting amorphous films with embedded silicon nanocrystals by anodization of bulk crystalline Si in the transition regime between porosification and electropolishing using short mono-pulses of anodization current. The size of the nanocrystals decreased with increasing current density and it was in the range of 3-7 nm with current densities in the range of 130-390 mA cm-2. At the highest current density used the film/substrate interface was very sharp, while at lower current densities the interface contained nanostructured silicon spikes protruding from the substrate into the amorphous film. The samples were characterized by high resolution transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and photoluminescence. © IOP Publishing Ltd.

Cyprus is experiencing negative impacts from flooding due to rainstorms in its urbanenvironment. There are no official figures on the extent of urban flood damage.However, the information from insurance companies is that, although Cyprus lies in a seismic region and its climate is semi-arid, the extent of the urban flood damage ismore than the extent of earthquake damage. Main causes of such damages are thelack of storm water drainage systems, the disruption of pre-existing naturalwatercourses by urbanisation, the blockage of man-made watercourses, the everchanging land use. The main effects/ impacts of these damages are the flooding of basements and low lying floors, where could me caused damages to parked cars, central heating systems, stored goods. Some consequential damage is the loss of productive time, loss of guarantees/ warranties of electrical/ mechanical equipment.This paper presents an institutional analysis, highlighting the gaps in planning,implementation, maintenance of urban flood management systems. It includes a case study of flooding caused due to institutional gaps and proposes measures to reduce the risk of urban flood damage.

Background: We have previously demonstrated that vincristine, liposomal doxorubicin and dexamethasone (VAD-doxil) is equally effective with VAD-bolus yielding objective response rates of 61% as first-line treatment in multiple myeloma (MM). In a phase II study, the addition of thalidomide to VAD-doxil (TVAD-doxil) proved feasible and increased response rate to 74%. The aim of the present multicenter prospective randomized clinical trial was to compare the efficacy and toxicity of VAD-doxil and TVAD-doxil in previously untreated MM patients. Patients and methods: We enrolled 232 newly diagnosed MM patients aged <75 years, 115 randomized to VAD-doxil (arm A) and 117 to TVAD-doxil (arm B). Patients in arm A received vincristine 2 mg i.v. and liposomal doxorubicin 40 mg/m2 i.v., on day 1 and dexamethasone 40 mg p.o. daily on days 1-4, 9-12 and 17-20 for the first cycle and on days 1-4 for the next three cycles. Patients in arm B received additionally thalidomide 200 mg p.o. daily, at bedtime. Treatment was administered every 28 days. Results: On an intention-to-treat basis, at least partial response was observed, in 62.6% and in 81.2% of patients randomized to arms A and B, respectively (P = 0.003). Progression-free survival (PFS) at 2 years was 44.8% in arm A and 58.9% in arm B (P = 0.013). Overall survival (OS) at 2 years was 64.6% and 77%, in arms A and B, respectively (P = 0.037). Considering overall toxicity, constipation, peripheral neuropathy, dizziness/somnolence, skin rash and edema were significantly higher in arm B compared with arm A (P < 0.01), but grade 3-4 toxicities were low and similar in both arms. Conclusions: The addition of thalidomide to VAD-doxil increases response and PFS rates and probably OS in previously untreated myeloma patients. The superiority of efficacy counterbalances the higher overall toxicity of TVAD-doxil. © 2007 European Society for Medical Oncology.

Respiratory viral infections have been implicated in the origin of, protection from and exacerbation of allergy-related symptoms in a variety of ways. Viral infections are closely linked to infantile wheezing. Severe bronchiolitis in early infancy may predispose to chronic childhood asthma as well as allergic sensitization; alternatively it could represent a marker of susceptible individuals. In contrast, repeated mild infections in early life may have a protective role in the development of asthma or atopy by driving the immune system towards Th1 responses. However, evidence on this hypothesis is not consistent as far as respiratory viruses are concerned. Several factors, including the presence of an atopic environment, timing of exposure and severity of the infection, interactively contribute to the allergy-infection relationship. In the present report, recent data on the role of viral infections in the development and progression of allergy and asthma are reviewed.

Kernel discriminants are greatly appreciated because 1) they permit to establish nonlinear boundaries between classes and 2) they offer the possibility of visualizing graphically the data vectors belonging to different classes. One such method, called Generalized Discriminant analysis (GDA) was proposed by Baudat and Anouar (2000). GDA operates on a kernel matrix of size N x N, (N denotes the sample size) and is for large N prohibitive. Our aim was to find out how this method works in a real situation, when dealing with relatively large data. We considered a set of predictors of erosion risk in the Kefallinia island categorized into five classes of erosion risk (together N=3422 data items). Direct evaluation of the discriminants, using entire data, was computationally demanding. Therefore, we sought for a representative sample. We found it by a kind of sieve algorithm. It appeared that using the representative sample, we could greatly speed up the evaluations and obtain discriminative functions with good generalization properties. We have workedwith Gaussian kernels which need one declared parameter SIGMA called kernelwidth. We found that for a large range of parameters the GDA algorithm gavevisualization with a good separation of the considered risk classes.

We present our experience in visualization multivariate data when the data vectors have class assignment. The goal is then to visualize the data in such a way that data vectors belonging to different classes (subgroups) appear differentiated as much as possible. We consider for this purpose the traditional CDA (Canonical Discriminant Functions), the GDA (Generalized Discriminant Analysis, Baudat and Anouar, 2000) and the Supervised SOM (Kohonen, Makivasara, Saramaki 1984). The methods are applied to a set of 3-dimensional erosion data containing N=3420 data vectors subdivided into 5 classes of erosion risk. By performing the mapping of these data to a plane, we hope to gain some experience how the mentioned methods work in practice and what kind of visualization is obtained. The final conclusion is that the traditional CDA is the best both in speed (time) of the calculations and in the ability of generalization.

We present the design of two continuous tunable CW coaxial cavity gyrotron oscillators, one of 330 GHz - 200 W with a bandwidth of 3 GHz for scientific applications and one of 30 GHz-150 kW with a bandwidth 0.4 GHz for industrial applications. The tuning of both gyrotrons is achieved by moving the tapered inner conductor in the axial direction and by adjusting the operating magnetic field.

We present the first results from a study of the X-ray source populations in M81 in the context of their local star-formation histories. We use deep Chandra observations and our multi-band HST maps of M81 in order to detect and classify the X-ray sources, based on their X-ray and optical properties. We compare the different X-ray source populations (Luminosity functions and relative numbers of different source types) for the different regions of the galaxy and for stellar populations in different age ranges (derived from the HST data). This way we can identify High-mass X-ray binaries with Main Sequence and supergiant donors, and we find that their luminosity functions are distinctly different. We also construct the luminosity functions of the X-ray sources associated with globular clusters. Finally we present our results from the spatially resolved star-formation history of M81, based on the study of the color-magnitude diagrams in different regions of the galaxy. We discuss these results in the context of similar studies of star-forming galaxies spanning a wide range of starburst ages.

Greek is assumed to be particularly conservative in terms of its verbal system, which is supposed to have always been organised on the basis of the grammatical category of aspect. This paper claims that, on the contrary, a major change has occurred between the early stages, as seen in the Homeric poems, and Modern Greek. Originally, the three stems of the verb represented the three main types of Aktionsart: states (Perfect), telic activities (Aorist) and atelic activities (Present). Through a gradual grammaticalization process the Aorist and Present stems came to express the binary aspectual distinction of perfectivity and imperfectivity, a change that explains the loss of the third stem. Christidis’s astute observations about the role of ideological constructs in the perception of language change explain the failure of scholars to notice this rather striking difference between the ancient and the modern system. 

Ἡ ἐκτέλεσις τοῦ Σαντὰμ Χουσέϊν τὸ Σαββάτον 31/12/2006 καὶ ἡ μετάδοσίς της διὰ τοῦ ∆ιαδικτύου ἀπὸ «λαθραῖο» βίντεο κάποιου ἐκ τῶν παρισταμένων εἰς αὐτήν, ἀποτελεῖ χρονικὸν ὁριοθέσιο σημαντικῶν γεωστρατηγικῶν ἐξελίξεων στὴν Μέση Ἀνατολή. Κυρίως ὡς πολλαπλασιαστὴς τῶν ἐμφυλίων ἐντάσεων μεταξὺ σονιτῶν καὶ σηιτῶν, μεταξὺ τῶν ὀπαδῶν τοῦ Μοκτάντα ἀλ-Σὰντρ καὶ τῶν σονιτῶν, μεταξὺ τῶν σηιτῶν τῆς Τεχεράνης καὶ τῶν μουσουλμάνων τοῦ Λιβάνου (σηιτῶν καὶ σηιτῶν). Ἐπίσης ἀποτελεῖ τὴν θρυαλλίδα τῆς ἐκρήξεως τῆς ἁλυσιδωτῆς ἀντιδράσεως τῶν ἐθνοτικῶν θυλάκων τοῦ κουρδικοῦ στοιχείου στὴν περιοχή, μὲ πρῶτον στὴν σειρὰ τὸ Ἰρακινὸ Κουρδιστάν. Ἡ ἀντίδρασις αὐτὴ ἐμπλέκει τὴν Τουρκία στὴν ὑπόθεση τῆς γεωστρατηγικῆς ἀνακατατάξεως στὴν περιοχὴ καὶ δίδει τὴν εὐκαιρία στὸ στρατιωτικόν της κατεστημένο νὰ χρησιμοποιήσει τὴν ἀπειλὴν αὐτὴν γιὰ νὰ ἐπιτύχει τὴν ἀνοχὴ τῆς ΕΕ στὴν διαδικασία ἐντάξεως τῆς χώρας χωρὶς νὰ προβεῖ στὶς ἀπαραίτητες προσαρμογὲς ὅπως αὐτὲς καθορίζονται ἀπὸ τὸ εὐρωπαϊκὸ κεκτημένο καὶ ἐπίσης νὰ προσπαθήσει νὰ ἀκυρώσει τόν «κυπριακὸ σκόπελο» στὴν διαδικασία ἐντάξεώς της. Ἡ Ἑλλὰς καὶ ἡ Κύπρος πρέπει νὰ συντονισθοῦν ἀπολύτως σὲ ὅλα τὰ ἐπίπεδα γιὰ νὰ ἀντιμετωπίσουν τὴν κατάσταση αὐτὴ ἡ ὁποία δὲν μπορεῖ νὰ ἀποκλείσει ἀκόμη καὶ τὶς «θερμὲς προκλήσεις» πρὸς τὴν Ἑλλάδα ἀπὸ πλευρᾶς Τουρκίας, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὴν ἐνταση τῶν πιέσεων πρὸς Λευκωσία καὶ Ἀθήνα, ἀπὸ τὴν ὑπερατλαντικὴ πλευρά.

This theoretical study presents an overview of the links between bullying / victimization and loneliness during childhood. Bullying and victimization are conceptually clarified and research evidence is briefly reviewed about bullying and victimization as risk factors for children's mental health. Next, this study focuses on the links between bullying / victimization and loneli­ness mainly in the school context. Complex paths leading from bullying / vic­timization to loneliness and vice versa, and developmental trajectories of this association emerged from the existing concurrent and longitudinal data. Finally, some research implications for prevention and intervention efforts aiming at reducing bullying in school are discussed.

Η απόφαση του ΣτΕ  2738/06 παραπέμπει στην Ολομέλεια του Δικαστηρίου το ζήτημα αν, στην περίπτωση της έκτακτης νοσηλείας το ΙΚΑ υποχρεούται να αποδώσει στον ασφαλισμένο το νοσήλιο που κατέβαλε με βάση το πραγματικό τιμολόγιο νοσηλείας ή αν η υποχρέωσή του περιορίζεται στην απόδοση του προβλεπόμενου από τον νόμο (κρατικού) τιμολογίου νοσηλείας. Το ΣτΕ δέχεται ότι προσκρούει στην αρχή της ισότητας η απόδοση της δαπάνης για επείγουσα νοσηλεία ασφαλισμένου στην ημεδαπή με βάση το κρατικό τιμολόγιο, ενώ για νοσηλεία ασφαλισμένου στην αλλοδαπή αποδίδεται η πραγματική δαπάνη.  Η απόφαση αυτή δεν θα κατέληγε στις παραπάνω –εσφαλμένες- κρίσεις, αν είχε διακρίνει τις ρυθμίσεις που αφορούν στις σχέσεις μεταξύ του ασφαλισμένου και του ασφαλιστικού του οργανισμού (έννομη σχέση δημοσίου δικαίου) από τις ρυθμίσεις που αφορούν στις σχέσεις του ασφαλισμένου με το ιδιωτικό νοσοκομείο στο οποίο εισήχθη εκτάκτως (συμβατική σχέση, η οποία ως προς τη χρέωση διέπεται από κανόνες αναγκαστικού δικαίου, όπως η υποχρέωση του ιδιωτικού μη συμβεβλημένου νοσοκομείου να δεχθεί το έκτακτο περιστατικό και να χρεώσει τη νοσηλεία του με βάση το κρατικό τιμολόγιο).  Το πρόβλημα στην υπόθεση επί της οποίας έχει εκδοθεί η παραπάνω απόφαση ανακύπτει, επειδή το ιδιωτικό νοσοκομείο παράνομα χρέωσε τον ασφαλισμένο και όχι επειδή η νομοθεσία του ασφαλιστικού οργανισμού δεν εξασφαλίζει την προστασία της υγείας του ασφαλισμένου. Τα τυχόν παράπονα του νοσοκομείου στην περίπτωση που το τιμολόγιο νοσηλείας δεν λαμβάνει υπόψη το κόστος παραγωγής ορθολογικά οργανωμένης επιχειρήσεως και το εύλογο ποσοστό κέρδους εξετάζονται στο πλαίσιο άλλης δίκης μεταξύ του νοσοκομείου και του Δημοσίου. Τέλος, τα δικαιώματα του ασφαλισμένου που στην περίπτωση της έκτακτης εισαγωγής του σε ιδιωτικό νοσοκομείο κατέβαλε (ως μη είχε υποχρέωση) το πραγματικό νοσήλιο κρίνονται σε δίκη μεταξύ του ασφαλισμένου και του ιδιωτικού νοσοκομείου με βάση τις διατάξεις περί αδικοπραξιών και σε κάθε περίπτωση περί αδικαιολογήτου πλουτισμού.De lege ferenda, προτείνεται ο ασφαλιστικός οργανισμός να αποδίδει στον ασφαλισμένο το πραγματικό νοσήλιο που τυχόν κατέβαλε στο ιδιωτικό νοσοκομείο και να υποκαθίσταται στα δικαιώματα του ασφαλισμένου έναντι του ιδιωτικού νοσοκομείου. 

The aim of this research study was to examine the associations between teacher and student academic and personal support, cooperation, and academic self-esteem during late childhood. Participants were 221 fifth- and sixth-grade children from Athens. They completed six subscales of the Classroom Life Measure (Johnson, Johnson, Buckman, & Richards, 1985). Results showed the expected positive links among all the above variables. Correlations varied as a function of the source and type of support. When low/high cooperation and low/high academic self-esteem groups were distinguished, the associations proved to be robust. Age differences were not found, but correlations were significantly higher for girls than for boys. Results are discussed in the framework of the existing literature on the links among these facets of classroom life, and some suggestions for educational practice are made.

In this study an attempt was made to provide conceptual, methodological, and developmental clarifications of social withdrawal in childhood. The existing research data on the various types of social withdrawal are reviewed, and several types of social withdrawal are defined. Related concepts, such as behavioral inhibition, shyness, and reticence, as well as the types of solitude (i.e., aloneness, loneliness, and constructive aloneness) are also defined. Social withdrawal is differentiated from sociometric neglect and sociometric rejection. Motivational issues (i.e., approach-avoidance) are discussed in order to achieve further definitional clarity. From a methodological viewpoint, the most frequently used techniques (observation and questionnaires for educators and peers) for the assessment of the various types of social withdrawal are reviewed, and some of their limitations are noted. Lastly, developmental clarifications are provided through a review of the extant research on the stability of different types of social withdrawal over time, their developmental trajectories, their correlates and consequences (e.g., their association with internalizing problems), possible mediator variables, and the role of gender and culture. Conclusions are drawn for the current status and for the future of research on social withdrawal in childhood.

Στη μελέτη αυτή εξετάζονται: Πρώτον, οι απόψεις της θεωρίας και της νομολογίας ως προς τη σχέση των ιδιωτικού δικαίου ασφαλιστικών οργανισμών με τους δημοσίου δικαίου και υποστηρίζεται ότι η έννοια του κοινωνικοασφαλιστικού οργανισμού προσδιορίζεται με βάση το λειτουργικό κριτήριο και όχι με βάση το οργανικό που ακολουθεί το ΣτΕ. Δεύτερον, το ΠΕ 240/2006 αντιπαρέρχεται κρίσιμα λογικά, μεθοδολογικά και νομικά ζητήματα και με άλμα λογικής καταλήγει στο συμπέρασμά του εκλαμβάνοντας το ζητούμενο ως αποδεδειγμένο.  

Η λήψη «άριστων αποφάσεων», κάτω από συνθήκες αβεβαιότητας στο σημερινό οικονομικό και επιχειρηματικό περιβάλλον, προϋποθέτει την ποσοτική ανάλυση των δεδομένων προκειμένου να προσδιοριστούν τα οικονομικά μεγέθη που εμπλέκονται κατά περίπτωση. Στο πόνημα αυτό παρουσιάζονται οι δυνατότητες και η χρησιμότητα των ποσοτικών μεθόδων κατά την άσκηση διοίκησης. Ειδικότερα, παρουσιάζονται τα πεδία εφαρμογής ποσοτικών μεθόδων κατά την άσκηση Διοίκησης οικονομικών μονάδων, όπως οι έλεγχοι διαδικασιών παραγωγής, οι εργασιακές σχέσεις, η άσκηση ελέγχου στη διαχείριση αποθεμάτων και η χρηματοοικονoμική διαχείριση. Ειδικότερα, παρουσιάζονται τα πεδία εφαρμογής ποσοτικών μεθόδων κατά την άσκηση Διοίκησης οικονομικών μονάδων, όπως οι εργασιακές σχέσεις, η χρηματοοικονομική διαχείριση, οι έλεγχοι διαδικασιών παραγωγής και η άσκηση ελέγχου στη διαχείριση αποθεμάτων. Στο πλαίσιο της συγκριτικής αξιολόγησης οικονομικών μονάδων δίνονται απαντήσεις στα ακόλουθα θέματα: προσδιορισμός της μονάδας που λειτουργεί κατά τρόπο «πρότυπο», ιεράρχηση των συγκρινόμενων μονάδων σύμφωνα με την απόδοσή τους, εντοπισμός μη αξιοποιούμενων παραγωγικών συντελεστών προσδιορισμός του βέλτιστου μείγματος πολιτικής που προτείνεται να ακολουθηθεί. Επίσης, το βιβλίο περιλαμβάνει την εφαρμογή της μη παραμετρικής μεθόδου Data Envelopment Analysis για τη συγκριτική αξιολόγηση της απόδοσης μονάδων υγείας, μονάδων τηλεπικοινωνιών, σιδηροδρομικών επιχειρήσεων και Δημόσιων Πανεπιστημίων.

Με την σχολιαζόμενη απόφαση κρίνεται ότι η θεμελίωση συνταξιοδοτικού δικαιώματος με ευνοϊκότερα όρια ηλικίας και χρονικές προϋποθέσεις για τις γυναίκες ασφαλισμένες του Ταμείου Νομικών από αυτά που ισχύουν για τους άνδρες ασφαλισμένους συνιστά αδικαιολόγητη διάκριση με βάση το φύλο και αντίκειται στις διατάξεις 4 παρ. 2 και 116 του ισχύοντος Συντάγματος που κατοχυρώνουν την ισότητα των δικαιωμάτων και των υποχρεώσεων των ανδρών και των γυναικών. Η ανωτέρω απόφαση πάντως δεν στηρίζεται στην ευρωπαϊκή νομοθεσία για την ίση ασφαλιστική μεταχείριση των φύλων. Η απόφαση έχει ισχυρή μειοψηφία, σύμφωνα με την οποία η αδικαιολόγητη υπέρ των γυναικών άνιση μεταχείριση δεν είναι δυνατόν να επεκταθεί και στους άνδρες ασφαλισμένους και πρέπει απλώς να καταργηθεί. Το θέμα της επεκτάσεως της ευνοϊκότερης ρυθμίσεως στη μειονεκτούσα ομάδα έχει απασχολήσει από ετών το ΣτΕ. Η κρατούσα νομολογία δέχεται το επεκτατικό αποτέλεσμα για τρεις λόγους. Πρώτον, επειδή θεωρεί ότι η ισότητα των φύλων κατά το Σύνταγμα και κατά το ευρωπαϊκό κοινοτικό δίκαιο είναι δημιουργική, δηλαδή τα θιγόμενα πρόσωπα έχουν το δικαίωμα να αξιώνουν δικαστικώς την επέκταση των ευνοϊκότερων διατάξεων. Δεύτερον, επειδή πρόκειται για ουσιαστικές διαφορές και οι προσφεύγοντες επιδιώκουν την αναγνώριση και τη διάπλαση ιδίου δικαιώματος και όχι τη μη εφαρμογή του νόμου ως ανίσχυρου και τρίτον, επειδή έτσι συμβαδίζει με τη νομολογία του ΔΕΚ και του ΑΠ για θέματα ίσης μεταχειρίσεως των φύλων που δέχονται επίσης το επεκτατικό αποτέλεσμα. Εξάλλου, και ο νομοθέτης έχει δεχθεί το επεκτατικό αποτέλεσμα θεσπίζοντας το άρθρο 62 του Ν. 2676/1999 για τη σύνταξη του χήρου ή της χήρας σε περίπτωση θανάτου του/της συζύγου τους. Υποστηρίζω ότι η άποψη της μειοψηφίας δεν είναι ορθή και δεν αιτιολογείται επαρκώς σε σχέση με όσα κάνει δεκτά η από ετών κρατούσα για το θέμα νομολογία

Ἕνα ἀπὸ τὰ σημαντικώτερα ἰσραηλινὰ πανεπιστημιακὰ Ἰνστιτοῦτα Στρατηγικῶν Σπουδῶν τοῦ Ἰσραήλ, τὸ Begin-Sadat Center of Strategic Studies/Bar Ilan University-Tel Aviv ἐφιλοξένησε σειρὰ ἐπιστημονικῶν ἡμερίδων μὲ ἐπιφανεῖς εἰσηγητὲς καὶ θέμα τὸ «πρόβλημα τοῦ Κοσσόβου». Τὸ ὑλικὸ ὅμως τὸ ὁποῖον ἐπέλεξε νὰ δημοσιεύσει καὶ νὰ ἀναρτήσει στὸ διαδίκτυον ἦταν αὐτὸ τῆς εἰσηγήσεως τῶν James Jatras, διευθυντοῦ τοῦ Ἀμερικανικοῦ Συμβουλίου γιὰ τὸ Κόσσοβο στὴν Οὐάσιγκτων, καὶ πρῴην διπλωμάτου καὶ ἀνωτέρου ἐρευνητοῦ τῆς US Senate Republican Policy Committee καὶ Serge Trifkovic, ὑπευθύνου συντάξεως γιὰ θέματα ἐξωτερικῶν ὑποθέσεων τῆς ἐπιθεωρήσεως Chronicles: A Magazine of American Culture ποὺ ἐκδίδεται ἀπὸ τὸ The Rockford Institute καὶ συγγραφέως τοῦ προσφάτου «Defeating Jihad: How the War on Terror May Yet Be Won, in Spite of Ourselves». Οἱ δύο σημαντικοὶ ἀναλυτὲς ὑποστηρίζουν σχετικῶς μὲ τὴν ὑπόθεση ἀνεξαρτητοποιήσεως τοῦ Κοσσόβου ὅτι ἡ ἰσχυρὰ ἀμερικανικὴ ὑποστήριξις γιὰ τὴν ἀνεξαρτησία τοῦ Κοσσόβου εἶναι ἐπιζήμια γιὰ τὰ συμφέροντα τοῦ Ἰσραήλ. Στο παρόν κείμενο, εξετάζονται: Τὸ ‘‘Ἀνεξάρτητο’’ Κόσσοβο σε συνάρτηση με τὰ Ζητήματα Ἀσφαλείας τοῦ Κράτους τοῦ Ἰσραὴλ.

Δειλὰ-δειλὰ είχε ἀρχίσει καὶ εἰς τὰ καθ’ ἡμᾶς ΜΜΕ νὰ γίνεται χρῆσις τῶν εἰσαχθέντων ἐκ τῆς Οὐάσιγκτων ὅρων, ὅπως «τζιχαντισμὸς-τζιχαντιστές», «σαλαφισμὸς-σαλαφηιστές», καὶ ἄλλων ἀκαταλήπτων ὀνομασιῶν, ὅταν θέλομε νὰ ἀναφερθοῦμε στὸ διεθνὲς ἰσλαμιστικὸ κίνημα. Το παρόν άρθρο του Καθηγητή Ιωάννη Μάζη, αναφέρεται στον «γαλαξία» τοῦ διεθνοῦς πολιτικοῦ ἰσλὰμ καὶ τοῦ ἰσλαμισμοῦ.

Ἐπιτίθενται ἢ ὄχι οἱ τουρκικὲς ΕΔ ἐναντίον στόχων τοῦ PKK στὸ ἔδαφος τοῦ ἰρακινοῦ Κουρδιστάν; Σημασία, δηλαδή, δὲν ἔχει τὸ γεγονὸς τῆς ἐπιθέσεως ἢ μή, γιατί ἀρκετές, ἐλεγχομένης ἐντάσεως, παρόμοιες τουρκικὲς ἐπεμβάσεις λαμβάνουν χώρα κατὰ τὴν τελευταία δεκαετία στὴν περιοχὴ τοῦ βόρειου Ἰράκ. Σημασία ὅμως ἔχει ἡ ἐπίσημος διαπίστωσις τῆς διεξαγωγῆς των ἀπὸ ὅλα τὰ ἐμπλεκόμενα μέρη: ΗΠΑ-Μπαρζανῆ ἀπὸ τὴν μία πλευρὰ καὶ Τουρκίας ἀπὸ τὴν ἄλλην. Ἐὰν αὐτὸ συμβεῖ, τότε ἡ ἀρχὴ τοῦ τέλους τῶν «θερμῶν» (ἔστω...) ἰσορροπιῶν στὴν εὐρυτέραν Μέσην Ἀνατολὴ θὰ λάβει τέλος καὶ ἕνας Ἀρμαγεδδὼν κρατογενέσεων θὰ ἐκραγεῖ στὴν σύμπλοκον τετράδα τῶν κρατῶν: Τουρκία- Ἰρὰν-Συρία-Ἰράκ, συνεπικουρούμενος καὶ ἀπὸ πάσης ἐθνοτικῆς, «ὑπηρεσιακῆς» καὶ κρατικῆς προελεύσεως «συγκεκαλυμμένες δράσεις».

The paper takes up the question of the finiteness of the subjunctive, in particular the Greek subjunctive. Taking into account discussions within the gene­rative framework, it adopts the position that the sub­junctive is indeed finite, and examines the main stumbling block in this direction, namely its uni­versally acknowledged lack of semantic tense. It challenges this assumption, analysing a subset of its uses, that in na-complements, in an attempt to show that there is a temporal dimension to the sub­junctive even in its narrowest sense (when the only choice available is between the three aspectually opposed forms): the event it denotes is always placed at a time posterior to that of matrix verbs with a deontic meaning and contemporaneous to that of matrix verbs with a sensory/perceptual meaning.

Serum levels of macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha (MIP-1α) and bone remodelling markers were evaluated in 38 patients with Waldenström macroglobulinaemia (WM) and correlated with clinical and laboratory variables. MIP-1α was elevated in WM; untreated patients had higher MIP-1α levels than patients in remission or with active disease after treatment. MIP-1α correlated with increased bone resorption, β2- microglobulin and splenomegaly. Receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand serum levels were elevated in WM patients; the subsequent increased bone resorption was balanced by a comparable elevation of osteoprotegerin production and bone formation. These findings may explain the absence of lytic lesions in WM patients and suggest a potential role of MIP-1α in WM. © 2006 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

The purpose of this study was to examine the usefulness and the validity of spiral computerized tomography (CT) in assessing acute segmental intestinal ischemia. We present the spiral CT imaging findings in surgically proven cases of intestinal ischemia. 46 patients were admitted to our facility over a five-year period with suspicion of acute enteric ischemia. 34 were first examined with spiral CT and underwent surgery. In 24 of the 34 patients (sensitivity 70.6%), at least one imaging finding specific for segmental intestinal ischemia was recognised (true positive examinations). Spiral-CT examination demonstrated non-specific or normal findings in 7 out of 34 patients with proven intestinal ischemia (20.6% false negative studies). In conclusion, spiral CT can be used in the investigation of patients with suspected acute intestinal ischemia to confirm or suggest the diagnosis or exclude other potential diagnoses.

Purpose.: Ovarian clear-cell carcinomas (OCCC) are known to be possibly resistant to platinum-based chemotherapy and to have a poorer prognosis with respect to other subtypes of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). This study was undertaken to compare response and survival to platinum-based chemotherapy between patients with advanced stage III and IV OCCC and serous EOC (sEOC). Patients and methods.: A retrospective analysis was performed in patients with advanced stage of OCCC treated with first-line platinum-based chemotherapy in the context of several study protocols of the Hellenic Cooperative Oncology Group (HeCOG) between 1/2/1987 and 31/10/2003. The outcome was compared to that of patients with sEOC treated according to the same protocols during the same study period. Results.: One hundred and five patients (35 stage III and IV OCCC, 70 stage III and IV sEOC) treated with platinum-based chemotherapy were analyzed. The overall response rate for OCCC was 45% (complete response 25%) (95% CI, 23.1% to 68.5%) and 81% (complete response 46%) (95% CI, 67.4% to 91.1%) for sEOC. The overall response rate was significantly higher for sEOC (P = 0.008). In the subgroup of stage III patients, the rate of complete responders was higher among sEOC patients (P = 0.023). After a median follow-up of 61.1 months, median survival and time to tumor progression were not significantly different between the two groups (25.1 months [95% CI 11.7 to 38.5 months] versus 49.1 months [95% CI 36.5 to 61.6 months], P = 0.141, 12.0 months [95% CI 6.5 to 17.3 months] versus 18.0 months [95% CI 14.7 to 21.6 months], P = 0.384, respectively). Conclusion.: Patients with OCCC have significantly lower response to platinum-based first-line chemotherapy compared to patients with sEOC. This low response to platinum-based chemotherapy was not translated in significantly shorter survival. The current study outcomes are provocative and suggest that a new strategy for chemotherapy in OCCC should be adopted, possibly one that focuses on new agents without cross-resistance to platinum agents. © 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

In this study, we investigate the aerosol optical properties, namely aerosol extinction optical thickness (AOT), Angström parameter and size distribution over the Eastern Mediterranean Basin, using spectral measurements from the recently established FORTH (Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas) AERONET station in Crete, for the two-year period 2003-2004. The location of the FORTH-AERONET station offers a unique opportunity to monitor aerosols from different sources. Maximum values of AOT are found primarily in spring, which together with small values of the Angström parameter indicate dust transported from African deserts, whereas the minimum values of AOT occur in winter. In autumn, large AOT values observed at near-infrared wavelengths arise also from dust transport. In summer, large AOT values at ultraviolet (340 nm) and visible wavelengths (500 nm), together with large values of the Angström parameter, are associated with transport of fine aerosols of urban/industrial and biomass burning origin. The Angström parameter values vary on a daily basis within the range 0.05-2.20, and on a monthly basis within the range 0.68-1.9. This behaviour, together with broad frequency distributions and back-trajectory analyses, indicates a great variety of aerosol types over the study region including dust, urban-industrial and biomass-burning pollution, and maritime, as well as mixed aerosol types. Large temporal variability is observed in AOT, Angström parameter, aerosol content and size. The fine and coarse aerosol modes persist throughout the year, with the coarse mode dominant except in summer. The highest values of AOT are related primarily to southeasterly winds, associated with coarse aerosols, and to a less extent to northwesterly winds associated with fine aerosols. The results of this study show that the FORTH AERONET station in Crete is well suited for studying the transport and mixing of different types of aerosols from a variety of sources, especially those associated with major dust events from the Sahara.

The aim of the study is to develop modified, branched versions of the Noyes-Whitney and the Weibull equations, including explicitly the solubility/dose parameter, for the analysis of dissolution data, which reach the plateau either at infinite or finite time. The modified Weibull function is applied to the analysis of experimental and literature dissolution data. To demonstrate the usefulness of the mathematical models, two model drugs are used: one highly soluble, metoprolol, and one relatively insoluble, ibuprofen. The models were fitted successfully to the data performing better compared with their classic versions. The advantages of the use of the models presented are several. They fit better to a large range of datasets, especially for fast dissolution curves that reach complete dissolution at a finite time. Also, the modified Weibull presented can be derived from differential equations, and it has a physical meaning as opposed to the purely empirical character of the original Weibull equation. The exponent of the Weibull equation can be attributed to the heterogeneity of the process and can be explained by fractal kinetics concepts. Also, the solubility/dose ratio is present explicitly as a parameter and allows to obtain estimates of the solubility even when the dissolution data do not reach the solubility level. The use of the developed branched equations gives better fittings and specific physical meaning to the dissolution parameters. Also, the findings underline the fact that even in the simplest, first-order case, the speed of the dissolution process depends on the dose, a fact of great importance in biopharmaceutic classification for regulatory purposes.

The cause of the polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, monoclonal plasma cell disorder and skin changes (POEMS) syndrome is currently unknown, but increased levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) appear to play a pathogenetic role. Osteosclerotic bone lesions are a characteristic finding in POEMS, but there are no data about the specific role of various molecules that control bone remodeling in patients with POEMS. Serum levels of angiogenic cytokines (VEGF, angiogenin, angiopoietin-2, and basic fibroblast growth factor) along with a series of bone remodeling indices (C-telopeptide of type I collagen, bone-alkaline phosphatase [bALP], osteocalcin [OC], soluble receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand [RANKL], osteoprotegerin [OPG], and macrophage inflammatory protein-1α) were measured in 2 patients with POEMS before and after high-dose therapy (HDT) with autologous stem cell transplantation and in age- and sex-matched controls. Increased VEGF levels before HDT were reduced significantly after treatment, although levels of the other angiogenetic factors did not differ from that of controls and were less influenced by HDT. Serum RANKL levels were increased before HDT, whereas OPG levels were within the levels of healthy controls, resulting in an abnormal soluble RANKL to OPG ratio. Levels of bone resorption markers (C-telopeptide of type I collagen) were very low or undetectable before HDT, although bALP and OC levels were similar to that of controls. After HDT, soluble RANKL levels decreased, OPG remained rather stable, bone resorption markers increased to levels of normal individuals, bALP levels were rather unchanged, and OC levels increased. Decreasing VEGF levels parallel clinical improvement, and the restoration of normal bone metabolism follows HDT.

The aim of this study was to establish an anthropometric profile of young fencers separated into four different age groups and to examine the degree of upper and lower limb asymmetry. Selected anthropometric characteristics were measured in 152 fencers (84 males and 68 females) during the Greek fencing championships. Fencers were divided into 4 age categories (boys/girls, cadets, junior and senior) according to the International Fencing Federation rules. The larger differences in anthropometric characteristics of both males and females were observed between the very young group (10-13yrs) and the older groups, while for most parameters, there were no differences between the two older groups (18-20yrs and >20yrs). There was no significant difference between the 10-13yrs groups of males and females in almost all anthropometric characteristics. Somatotype ratings were relatively stable across age groups. The mean somatotype of male fencers was 3.1-2.6-3.2. The female fencers were mainly situated in the ectomorph -endomorph region, and had a mean somatotype of 3.8-1.8-3.3. Arm CSA was higher in males compared to females in all age groups, except for the 10-13yrs group. However, leg CSA was not different between genders in all age groups. Significant CSA asymmetries were observed between the dominant and the non-dominant sides in the arm and leg in both genders. Arm asymmetries were evident from an early age, while leg asymmetries were not observed in the younger group. The lack of significant differences between males and females for the 10-13yrs groups in most of the anthropometric characteristics, should be taken into account in talent selection. ©2006 Teviot Scientific Publications.

The aim of this study was to establish an anthropometric profile of young fencers separated into four different age groups and to examine the degree of upper and lower limb asymmetry. Selected anthropometric characteristics were measured in 152 fencers (84 males and 68 females) during the Greek fencing championships. Fencers were divided into 4 age categories (boys/girls, cadets, junior and senior) according to the International Fencing Federation rules. The larger differences in anthropometric characteristics of both males and females were observed between the very young group (10-13yrs) and the older groups, while for most parameters, there were no differences between the two older groups (18-20yrs and >20yrs). There was no significant difference between the 10-13yrs groups of males and females in almost all anthropometric characteristics. Somatotype ratings were relatively stable across age groups. The mean somatotype of male fencers was 3.1-2.6-3.2. The female fencers were mainly situated in the ectomorph -endomorph region, and had a mean somatotype of 3.8-1.8-3.3. Arm CSA was higher in males compared to females in all age groups, except for the 10-13yrs group. However, leg CSA was not different between genders in all age groups. Significant CSA asymmetries were observed between the dominant and the non-dominant sides in the arm and leg in both genders. Arm asymmetries were evident from an early age, while leg asymmetries were not observed in the younger group. The lack of significant differences between males and females for the 10-13yrs groups in most of the anthropometric characteristics, should be taken into account in talent selection. ©2006 Teviot Scientific Publications.

The aim of this study was to establish an anthropometric profile of young fencers separated into four different age groups and to examine the degree of upper and lower limb asymmetry. Selected anthropometric characteristics were measured in 152 fencers (84 males and 68 females) during the Greek fencing championships. Fencers were divided into 4 age categories (boys/girls, cadets, junior and senior) according to the International Fencing Federation rules. The larger differences in anthropometric characteristics of both males and females were observed between the very young group (10-13yrs) and the older groups, while for most parameters, there were no differences between the two older groups (18-20yrs and >20yrs). There was no significant difference between the 10-13yrs groups of males and females in almost all anthropometric characteristics. Somatotype ratings were relatively stable across age groups. The mean somatotype of male fencers was 3.1-2.6-3.2. The female fencers were mainly situated in the ectomorph -endomorph region, and had a mean somatotype of 3.8-1.8-3.3. Arm CSA was higher in males compared to females in all age groups, except for the 10-13yrs group. However, leg CSA was not different between genders in all age groups. Significant CSA asymmetries were observed between the dominant and the non-dominant sides in the arm and leg in both genders. Arm asymmetries were evident from an early age, while leg asymmetries were not observed in the younger group. The lack of significant differences between males and females for the 10-13yrs groups in most of the anthropometric characteristics, should be taken into account in talent selection. ©2006 Teviot Scientific Publications.

BACKGROUND: Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) pacing has been proposed as an additional treatment to medical therapy to improve heart failure patients with left ventricular asynchrony. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of CRT treatment on proinflammatory cytokines in patients with heart failure. METHODS: Twenty patients, with a mean age 64 +/- 2 years, with severe chronic heart failure NYHA class II-IV (mean ejection fraction 25 +/- 2%), were included in the study. Patients were treated with CRT pacing, after failure of optimal therapy. Blood samples were taken at baseline, 3 months after pacing therapy, and after a subsequent 3-month period of no pacing for the assessment of proinflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha and its receptors (sTNFR-I, sTNFR-II), IL-6, adhesion molecules sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1, and the apoptotic indices sFas and sFas-Ligand. RESULTS: Levels of TNF-alpha, sTNFR-I, and sTNFR-II were reduced at the end of 3 months of CRT therapy and further reduced at the end of the no pacing period (P < 0.05, compared to baseline). Levels of IL-6 also declined after 3 months of CRT pacing (from 8.9 +/- 2.5 pg/mL to 4.7 +/- 1.3 pg/mL, P < 0.05) and this was maintained during the no pacing period (3.9 +/- 1.1 pg/mL P < 0.05 compared to baseline). The adhesion molecule sICAM-1 levels also reduced (from 265 +/- 17 ng/mL to 235 +/- 12, P < 0.05) after 3 months of CRT pacing and remained unchanged at the end of the no pacing period (219 +/- 12 ng/mL, P < 0.05 compared to baseline values). CONCLUSION: Major proinflammatory cytokines and the adhesion molecule sICAM-1 are reduced with CRT therapy and this effect is maintained for at least 3 months after discontinuation of pacing

Στην μελέτη εξετάζεται η σύνδεση του μύθου του Αμφιτρύωνα και της Αλκμήνης (από τον κύκλο των μύθων που σχετίζονται με τον Ηρακλή) με τον σύγχρονο προβληματισμό γύρω από τη συγκρότηση της ταυτότητας του υποκειμένου και το ανέφικτο της πραγματικότητας στην κωμωδία του Heinrich von Kleist Amphitryon. Ein Lustspiel nach Molière (1807). Από την εποχή που ο Ρωμαίος ποιητής της κωμωδίας Πλαύτος δημιούργησε με υλικό τον μύθο του Αμφιτρύωνα μια (τραγι)κωμωδία παρεξηγήσεων – ο Δίας επισκέπτεται την Αλκμήνη έχοντας πάρει τη μορφή του συζύγου της Αμφιτρύωνα και συνοδεύεται στην επίγεια ερωτική περιπέτειά του από τον Ερμή, ο οποίος με τη σειρά του εμφανίζεται με τη μορφή του Σωσία, του δούλου του Αμφιτρύωνα – το θέμα δεν έπαψε να εμπνέει τους ποιητές ανά τους αιώνες. Ήδη οι τραγικοί – Αισχύλος, Σοφοκλής, Ευριπίδης – είχαν αναφερθεί στο μύθο, αλλά τα έργα τους δεν έχουν διασωθεί. Από την ένωση του Δία και της Αλκμήνης γεννιέται ο Ηρακλής, ο οποίος ανήκει στην κατηγορία των ημίθεων ηρώων και σωτήρων της ανθρωπότητας, μοτίβο που υπάρχει σε πολλές μυθολογίες και θρησκευτικά συστήματα (π. χ. ινδική, αιγυπτιακή, ελληνική, χριστιανική μυθολογία). Η αιτία για τη συνεχή αναφορά, ενεργοποίηση και μετάλλαξη του μύθου αυτού από την εποχή του Ησίοδου και του Ομήρου μέχρι σήμερα στη λογοτεχνία, πρέπει μάλλον να αναζητηθεί στο γεγονός ότι συνδυάζει τον προβληματισμό γύρω από την θεία πρόνοια, ή έστω την θεϊκή παρέμβαση στα ανθρώπινα πράγματα, με το βασικό ερώτημα για το τι συγκροτεί ταυτότητα και τι εν τέλει διασφαλίζει την πρόσβαση στη όποια πραγματικότητα. Στον Μολιέρο, στην τρίπρακτη κωμωδία του οποίου με τον τίτλο Αμφιτρύων (1668) βασίζεται η εκδοχή του Heinrich von Kleist, το θέμα της γέννησης του Ηρακλή είναι δευτερεύον, το ίδιο και η θεϊκή ιδιότητα του νυκτερινού επισκέπτη της Αλκμήνης. Ο Μολιέρος αναπτύσσει τη δράση  γύρω από το καίριο ερώτημα «Ποιος είμαι;» που τίθεται με διάφορους τρόπους στο κείμενο: βασανιστικά στην Αλκμήνη, η οποία καλείται από τον Δία/Αμφιτρύωνα μετά την ερωτική νύχτα να διαχωρίσει ανάμεσα σε σύζυγο και εραστή, κωμικά από τον Σωσία στον Ερμή/Σωσία, κωμικοτραγικά από τον Αμφιτρύωνα προς όλους. Το θέμα των προϋποθέσεων και της δυσκολίας της αναγνώρισης της ταυτότητας κυριαρχεί, ενώ η έμφαση στην κοινωνική διάσταση και η προβολή στο κοινό του Μολιέρου, που είναι η αυλή του βασιλιά Λουδοβίκου XIV, είναι εμφανείς. Ο Δίας αποκαθιστά στο τέλος την αλήθεια και διαλύει τις παρεξηγήσεις με την άνεση του απόλυτου άρχοντα. Ο Heinrich von Kleist γράφει ένα νέο κείμενο πάνω στα χνάρια του κειμένου του Μολιέρου ως να επρόκειτο για ένα παλίμψηστο. Η ιδιομορφία του νέου κειμένου έγκειται στην ταυτόχρονη εγγύτητα προς και απομάκρυνση από το πρότυπο, αφού ο Kleist διατηρεί σε κάποια σημεία σχεδόν ατόφιο το μεταφρασμένο κείμενο της κωμωδίας του Μολιέρου, για να το αλλάξει σε άλλα πλήρως, ενώ προσθέτει νέες σκηνές που μετατοπίζουν αποφασιστικά το κέντρο βάρους προς την πλευρά της Αλκμήνης, η οποία είναι πλέον το κεντρικό πρόσωπο στην επίσης τρίπρακτη κωμωδία του Kleist, κωμωδία με τραγικές όμως προεκτάσεις. Ο Δίας λειτουργεί μεν στο τέλος ως από μηχανής θεός, εμπλέκεται όμως ως πρόσωπο του δράματος και αυτός στην διαρκή επιθυμία και διαρκή αποτυχία αναγνώρισης από τον άλλο, και δεν είναι εν τέλει σε θέση να επιφέρει την αρμονία και αποκατάσταση της τάξης που υπαγορεύει το μυθικό υλικό και το είδος της κωμωδίας. Στην μελέτη διερευνάται ο τρόπος με τον οποίο το κείμενο του Kleist αναφέρεται τόσο στο έργο του Μολιέρου και στο λογοτεχνικό είδος της κωμωδίας – προσεγγίζοντας έτσι την ποιητική του συγγραφέα, που ποτέ δεν διατυπώθηκε συστηματικά, αλλά ανιχνεύεται στα λίγα δοκιμιακά του κείμενα, στις επιστολές του και στη διακειμενικότητα των έργων του – όσο και στον μύθο που αφηγείται. Διότι τα πρόσωπα στον Kleist είναι έρμαια μυθικών συγκρούσεων όχι επειδή κυβερνούν ακόμα οι θεοί, αλλά επειδή η εσωτερική και η εξωτερική πραγματικότητα παρουσιάζονται ως αινιγματικά, απροσπέλαστα και ανερμήνευτα πεδία, ενώ η γλώσσα αδυνατεί να εκφράσει την εμπειρία του υποκειμένου. Η τέχνη και ο μύθος όμως, ως συστήματα σημείων, είναι σε θέση να  καταδείξουν και να καλύψουν συνάμα το κενό, την απουσία νοήματος, παρουσιάζοντας πως αυτό συγκροτείται. Στην εισαγωγή της μονογραφίας γίνεται αναφορά στην ιστορία πρόσληψης του κειμένου του Kleist, που στην εποχή του έγινε δεκτό με έκδηλη αμηχανία και δυσκολία κατανόησης, αφού δεν ήταν δυνατή η περιγραφή και ένταξή του σε κάτι γνωστό, όπως: η αναφορά στην αρχαιότητα με τους όρους του κλασικισμού (Goethe) ή ακόμα το ελεύθερο παιχνίδι της φαντασίας και η απόλυτη κυριαρχία ενός παντοδύναμου Εγώ επί του χάους με τους όρους του ρομαντισμού (Tieck), ή η σύνδεση των θρησκειών (αρχαιότητα, χριστιανισμός) στην οπτική του φίλου του Kleist Adam Müller, ο οποίος και επιμελήθηκε την πρώτη έκδοση της κωμωδίας το 1807, απόντος του συγγραφέως, που ήταν τότε αιχμάλωτος πολέμου σε γαλλική φυλακή. Η πρώτη παρουσίαση του έργου στο θέατρο γίνεται μόλις το 1899 στο Βερολίνο – η νεωτερικότητα του έργου του Kleist είναι ούτως ή άλλως ανακάλυψη του 20ού αιώνα. Εξίσου αντιφατικές και αντικρουόμενες είναι ωστόσο και οι νεότερες ερμηνευτικές προσεγγίσεις, οι τάσεις των οποίων παρουσιάζονται στο δεύτερο μέρος της εισαγωγής. Στο πρώτο κεφάλαιο εξετάζονται η εσωτερική βιογραφία του Kleist και η στροφή του προς τον λογοτεχνικό και μυθικό τρόπο έκφρασης, η θέση του Αμφιτρύωνα εν μέσω του συνολικού έργου του συγγραφέα, η διαχρονικότητα του συγκεκριμένου μύθου, οι όροι της κωμωδίας κατά την πρώτη δεκαετία του 19ου αιώνα και η σχέση με το έργο του Μολιέρου. Στο δεύτερο κεφάλαιο αναλύεται η σχέση των κωμικών σκηνών του κειμένου – μεταξύ των Ερμή/Σωσία, Σωσία και Χάριτος, της συζύγου του Σωσία – προς τις λιγότερο κωμικές ή και τραγικές σκηνές – μεταξύ των Δία/Αμφιτρύωνα, Αμφιτρύωνα και Αλκμήνης – και αναδεικνύεται η ερμηνευτική λειτουργία τους. Επίσης σχολιάζεται ο τρόπος με τον οποίο οι κωμικοί χαρακτήρες δεν επηρεάζονται από την κρίση ταυτότητας που καταλαμβάνει τα άλλα πρόσωπα του δράματος και τον οποίο ο Kleist έμμεσα συνδέει με τον προβληματισμό που αναπτύσσει στο δοκίμιό του Über das Marionettentheater. Και οι θεοί συγκαταλέγονται στους κωμικούς ήρωες, με τρόπο που – σε συνδυασμό τις άλλες αλλαγές που έχει επιφέρει ο Kleist στα πρόσωπα αυτά σε σχέση με το έργο του Μολιέρου – παραπέμπει στη γενικότερη τάση «αποδυνάμωσης» του μεγάλου και αδιαμφισβήτητου «Εγώ», η οποία διατρέχει το κείμενο. Στο τρίτο κεφάλαιο επιχειρείται μια ανάγνωση της ιστορίας του τραγικού ήρωα Αμφιτρύωνα ως υποδειγματική πορεία ενηλικίωσης, όπως την περιέγραψε ο Λακάν: ο Αμφιτρύων εμφανίζεται αρχικά εγκλωβισμένος στην επαναλαμβανόμενη ναρκισσιστική απαίτηση αναγνώρισης του φαντασιακού του «Εγώ» από την οποία απελευθερώνεται μόνο μετά από επίπονη διαδικασία αμφισβήτησης και την αποδοχή εν τέλει του νόμου, που εδώ υπαγορεύει ο Δίας. Ο Δίας δεν είναι όμως παρά μια μεταφορά για την επιθυμία της Αλκμήνης. Στο τέταρτο κεφάλαιο εξετάζεται η σχέση Δία – Αλκμήνης που για την Αλκμήνη είναι όμως πάντα η σχέση Αμφιτρύωνα – Αλκμήνης. Οι σχέσεις δεν είναι δυαδικές αλλά τριαδικές και καθίσταται εμφανές ότι η ταυτότητα δεν υφίσταται παρά μόνον ως η αναίρεσή της, ενώ η πρόσβαση στην πραγματικότητα μοιάζει ανέφικτη, εφόσον η αντιστοιχία μεταξύ σημαίνοντος και σημαινόμενου έχει διαταραχθεί. Ο τρόπος του μύθου – τρόμος, έκφραση της πλήρους υποταγής σε δαιμονικές δυνάμεις και συνάμα ελεύθερο παιχνίδι της φαντασίας, αισθητική μεταμόρφωση (Βlumenberg) – επιτρέπει την διατύπωση αυτού του προβληματισμού γύρω από την ταυτότητα και το υποκείμενο, ενώ η κωμωδία, το παιχνίδι ανάμεσα στο είναι και στο φαίνεσθαι, και η διαφορετική προσέγγιση της πραγματικότητας εκ μέρους των κωμικών μορφών είναι τρόποι που αποκαλύπτουν τον πλασματικό χαρακτήρα της ενότητας σημαίνοντος και σημαινόμενου και κατ΄ επέκταση της πραγματικότητας γύρω από το είναι και τον κόσμο.

The evolution of landscapes as natural phenomena is rarely seen in a generation,but in volcanic regions the landscape is transformed at a tremendously fast rate.These places are physical bounded and marked by natural phenomena as well asimbued with cultural meaning. In regions where volcanic activity is dormant, it isargued that a different cultural association is formed; in this paper thepalaeoenvironmental and volcanic evolution of the sites are analysed in thevolcanically active Mývatn region (NE Iceland) and on the island of Thera (AegeanSea, Greece).The island of Thera consists of a basement of recrystallized limestones andmetamorphosed rocks. This basement is covered by a sequence of volcanicformations. The volcanic activity, which started about 1.6 million years ago, isstill active and it is the predominant natural feature of the island’s topography.The Mývatn region is a volcanically active area, straddling the American andEuropean plates along the North Atlantic ridge. The most recent lava eruptiontook place in the 1983 and land areas are constantly changing in response to newactivities. Few of the questions that the research will approach are:

• In what way have volcanoes evolved during the last millenniums and what dramatic changes have they brought to Natural resources?
• To which extent is an active long-term natural disaster a constant threat for human presence? How is human – nature balance attained?
• Is cultural meaning projected on such a natural landmark? Which aspects of human life are directly influenced (e.g. settlement patterns, land boundaries, resources and economic activities) and which aspects are more implicitly affected (e.g. mental images, religious perspective, spiritual perceptions)?

Dallas, G., Patsantaras, N., Kamberidou, I., & Gougou, B. (2006). Artistic Gymnastics in Greece: Impact and Effects on Athletes Social Development and Later Professional-Occupational Establishment. Stiinta Sportului, Revista Teoretico-Metodica. Anul XV, Nr. 54/2006, 15, 3–29. Revista editata de: Consiliul Stintei Sprtului din Romania. Institutul National de Cercetare pentru Sport, Bucuresti, Romania. Abstract in  K.9 in Apella  Also see article online REVIISTA  http://sportscience.ro/ Sport Science Journal STIINTA SPORTULUI 2006 (Revista 2006/54-1) pp. 1-10.  K.9.1 in Apella   and hardcopy K.9.1.1.  in Apella

The alpha-synuclein Rep1 polymorphism was studied in patients and controls in an ethnic Greek population. There was an association of allele 2 with risk of Parkinson's disease (PD; adjusted odd ratio = 3.25; 95% CI = 1.80-5.87). Survival analyses (Cox proportional hazards models) were employed to explore the influence of genotypes on age at onset of PD. Age at onset of carriers of at least one Rep1 allele 2 was earlier (3.6 years) compared to noncarriers (adjusted hazard ratio = 2.21; 95% CI = 1.58-3.10). Kaplan-Meier analysis also supported a dosage effect of Rep1 allele 2 on age at onset. For Rep1 allele 1, there was neither association with risk of PD nor influence on age at onset. This is the first study showing an influence of Rep1 polymorphism on age at onset of PD.

Background: The deleted in colorectal cancer (DCC) protein, the product of DCC tumor suppressor gene, is frequently altered in cancer. Preclinical data demonstrate that DCC regulates β-catenin levels. Here, we sought to determine the association of DCC with β-catenin protein levels, clinicopathological parameters and patient outcome in ovarian cancer using a method of in situ compartmentalized protein analysis. Methods: A tissue array composed of 150 advanced-stage ovarian cancers, treated with surgical debulking and platinum-paclitaxel (Taxol) combination chemotherapy, was constructed. For evaluation of protein expression, we used an immunofluorescence-based method of automated in situ quantitative measurement of protein analysis (AQUA). Results: One hundred and twelve patients (74%) had sufficient tissue for AQUA. The median follow-up time for the entire cohort was 33 months. Patients with low nuclear DCC expression had a 3-year progression-free survival (PFS) rate of 0% compared with 33% of those with high DCC expression (P = 0.0067). In multivariate analysis, low nuclear DCC expression level retained its prognostic significance for PFS. Between DCC and β-catenin, a significant relationship was found, where tumors with low DCC had low β-catenin and vice versa (P = 0.003). Conclusions: Low nuclear DCC levels predict for poor patient outcome inepithelial ovarian cancer. DCC may exert its antitumor function, in part, through regulation of β-catenin levels. © 2006 Oxford University Press.

Five oxalyl derivatives of $\beta$-d-glucopyranosylamine were synthesized as potential inhibitors of glycogen phosphorylase (GP). The compounds 1-4 were competitive inhibitors of rabbit muscle GPb (with respect to $\alpha$-d-glucose-1-phosphate) with Ki values of 0.2-1.4 mM, while compound 5 was not effective up to a concentration of 10 mM. In order to elucidate the structural basis of their inhibition, we analysed the structures of compounds 1-4 in complex with GPb at 1.93-1.96 {\AA} resolution. The complex structures reveal that the inhibitors can be accommodated at the catalytic site at approximately the same position as $\alpha$-d-glucose and stabilize the T-state conformation of the 280s loop by making several favourable contacts to Asp283 and Asn284 of this loop. Comparison with the lead compound N-acetyl-$\beta$-d-glucopyranosylamine (6) shows that the hydrogen bonding interaction of the amide nitrogen with the main-chain carbonyl oxygen of His377 is not present in these complexes. The differences observed in the Ki values of the four analogues can be interpreted in terms of subtle conformational changes of protein residues and shifts of water molecules in the vicinity of the catalytic site, variations in van der Waals interactions, conformational entropy and desolvation effects. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Five oxalyl derivatives of beta-D-glucopyranosylamine were synthesized as potential inhibitors of glycogen phosphorylase (GP). The compounds 1-4 were competitive inhibitors of rabbit muscle GPb (with respect to alpha-D-glucose-l-phosphate) with K-i values of 0.2-1.4 mM, while compound 5 was not effective up to a concentration of 10 mM. In order to elucidate the structural basis of their inhibition, we analysed the structures of compounds 1-4 in complex with GPb at 1.93-1.96 angstrom resolution. The complex structures reveal that the inhibitors can be accommodated at the catalytic site at approximately the same position as alpha-D-glucose and stabilize the T-state conformation of the 280s loop by making several favourable contacts to Asp283 and Asn284 of this loop. Comparison with the lead compound N-acetyl-beta-D-glucopyranosylamine (6) shows that the hydrogen bonding interaction of the amide nitrogen with the main-chain carbonyl oxygen of His377 is not present in these complexes. The differences observed in the Ki values of the four analogues can be interpreted in terms of subtle conformational changes of protein residues and shifts of water molecules in the vicinity of the catalytic site, variations in van der Waals interactions, conformational entropy and desolvation effects. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Aims.Extensive photometry of RR Lyr was obtained over a 421-day interval in 2003-2004, covering more than 10 Blazhko cycles in a multisite campaign. The length and density of this data set allow for a detailed analysis. Methods: .We used Fourier techniques to study RR Lyr's behavior over the pulsation and the Blazhko cycle. We propose a two-frequency model for decomposing the frequency spectrum. Results: .The light variations were fitted with the main radial frequency, its harmonics up to 11th order, and the detected triplet frequencies. No significant quintuplet components were found in the frequency spectrum. Given the total time span of the measurements, we can now unambiguously conclude that the Blazhko period has become notably shorter than the previously known value of 40.8 days, whereas the main pulsation period remained roughly the same. Changes in the modulation period have been reported for other well-studied Blazhko variables. They challenge the explanations for the Blazhko effect which link the modulation period directly to the rotation period. The new photometry reveals an interval in the pulsation cycle of RR Lyr during which the star's intensity barely changes over the Blazhko cycle. This interval occurs during the infalling motion and between the supposed phases of the early and the main shock. The data also permit a more detailed study of the light curve shape at different phases in the Blazhko period through Fourier parameters.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Blunt trauma to the extrahepatic biliary tract is a rare and challenging injury The purpose of this paper is to review our experience of these injuries, with special reference to their clinical presentation. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In a retrospective multicenter study of the records of a trauma-admitting in three hospitals, seven patients with blunt extrahepatic biliary tract trauma were identified, one with combined gallbladder and common bile duct injuries and six with a ruptured gallbladder. RESULTS: Except for the patient with the common bile duct injury developing peritoneal signs during observation and being operated 24 hours post-admission, all other patients underwent early laparotomy for shock, peritonitis or positive diagnostic peritoneal lavage (DPL) caused by associated injuries. The common bile duct injury was treated with suture repair over a T tube and the gallbladder injuries with cholecystectomy, except for two cases in which a cholecystostomy was performed. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with blunt trauma, especially to the right upper quadrant, a high index of suspicion and liberal use of diagnostic studies to exclude an isolated extrahepatic biliary tract injury is recommended.

The effect of bortezomib on bone remodelling was evaluated in 34 relapsed myeloma patients. At baseline, patients had increased serum concentrations of dickkopf-1 (DKK-1), soluble receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (sRANKL), sRANKL/osteoprotegerin ratio, C-telopeptide of type-I collagen (CTX) and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase isoform-5b (TRACP-5b); bone-alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin were reduced. Serum DKK-1 correlated with CTX and severe bone disease. Bortezomib administration significantly reduced serum DKK-1, sRANKL, CTX, and TRACP-5b after four cycles, and dramatically increased bone-alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin, irrespective of treatment response. This is the first study showing that bortezomib reduces DKK-1 and RANKL serum levels, leading to the normalisation of bone remodelling in relapsed myeloma. © 2006 The Authors.

Brain metastases in patients with epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) have an estimated incidence of 0.3-1.9% and are isolated in up to 50% of these patients. The risk factors and the prognostic significance of isolated central nervous system (CNS) relapse in patients with EOC who received primary treatment with platinum and paclitaxel have not been identified. We conducted a retrospective study in patients with EOC who relapsed with isolated brain metastases and report our experience. Two hundred sixty-seven patients with stages III and IV EOC, in clinical complete remission after first-line treatment with platinum and paclitaxel, were included in our analysis. After a median follow-up of 65 months, 150 patients had relapsed. Eight patients (5%) had isolated brain metastases. Patient and disease characteristics did not differ among patients who relapsed with isolated brain metastases and those with relapse outside the CNS. Median time to first disease relapse, overall survival, and survival after relapse did not differ significantly between patients with brain metastases and those with relapse outside the CNS. Two patients have died 6 and 12 months after the diagnosis of brain metastases, and 5 patients are alive 4-35 months after the diagnosis of isolated brain metastases. Three patients remain free of disease 4-18 months after treatment with radiotherapy and systemic chemotherapy for their CNS metastatic disease. Patients with isolated brain metastases have comparable survival to patients with relapse outside the CNS, and long-term remission can be achieved in some cases, provided that systemic chemotherapy is added to local treatment. © 2006, Copyright the Authors.

We propose a different type of plasmonic waveguide which consists of identical dielectric nanocavities, periodically arranged along a line, in a metallic material. The dispersion relations for the different guiding modes are obtained by means of exact mutliple scattering calculations and also by a simple tight-binding model which allows a straightforward analysis of the underlying physics. This type of waveguide combines strong lateral localization and no radiative losses with efficient transmission of light through sharp bends. We show how one can overcome absorptive losses by introducing optical gain media into the cavities and, also, how one can design such waveguides for single-mode operation over a given frequency range by using nonspherical cavities.

The first VRI CCD photometric observations of the newly discovered ROTSE-1 eclipsing variable GSC 2534:1121 are presented. Our new times of minima are used along with those of the last two years to calculate a new ephemeris of the system. The observed light curves are analyzed with the Wilson-Devinney program in order to derive the geometric and photometric elements of the system. The moderate O'Connell effect is explained by assuming a cool spot on the primary component.

Dissolution research started to develop about 100 years ago as a field of physical chemistry and since then important progress has been made. However, explicit interest in drug related dissolution has grown only since the realisation that dissolution is an important factor of drug bioavailability in the 1950s. This review attempts to account the most important developments in the field, from a historical point of view. It is structured in a chronological order, from the theoretical foundations of dissolution, developed in the first half of the 20th century, and the development of a relationship between dissolution and bioavailability in the 1950s, going to the more recent developments in the framework of the Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS). Research on relevant fields of pharmaceutical technology, like sustained release formulations, where drug dissolution plays an important role, is reviewed. The review concludes with the modem trends on drug dissolution research and their regulatory implications. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

AIM: To evaluate whether the cellular proliferation rate in the large bowel epithelial cells is characterized by circadian rhythm. METHODS: Between January 2003 and December 2004, twenty patients who were diagnosed as suffering from primary, resectable, non-metastatic adenocarcinoma of the lower rectum, infiltrating the sphincter mechanism, underwent abdominoperineal resection, total mesorectal excision and permanent left iliac colostomy. In formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded biopsy specimens obtained from the colostomy mucosa every six hours (00:00, 06:00, 12:00, 18:00 and 24:00), we studied the expression of G(1) phase cyclins (D(1) and E) as well as the expression of the G(1) phase cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors p16 and p21 as indicators of cell cycle progression in colonic epithelial cells using immunohistochemical methods. RESULTS: The expression of both cyclins showed a similar circadian fashion obtaining their lowest and highest values at 00:00 and 18:00, respectively (P<0.001). A circadian rhythm in the expression of CDK inhibitor proteins p16 and p21 was also observed, with the lowest levels obtained at 12:00 and 18:00 (P<0.001), respectively. When the complexes cyclins D(1) -p21 and E-p21 were examined, the expression of the cyclins was adversely correlated to the p21 expression throughout the day. When the complexes the cyclins D(1) -p16 and E-p16 were examined, high levels of p16 expression were correlated to low levels of cyclin expression at 00:00, 06:00 and 24:00. Meanwhile, the highest expression levels of both cyclins were correlated to high levels of p16 expression at 18:00. CONCLUSION: Colonic epithelial cells seem to enter the G(1) phase of the cell cycle during afternoon (between 12:00 and 18:00) with the highest rates obtained at 18:00. From a clinical point of view, the present results suggest that G(1) -phase specific anticancer therapies in afternoon might maximize their anti-tumor effect while minimizing toxicity.